Journal of the National Cancer Institute Advance Access originally published online on July 24, 2007
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2007 99(15):1200-1209; doi:10.1093/jnci/djm065
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Published by Oxford University Press 2007.
ARTICLES |
Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer
on behalf of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Affiliations for authors: Research Unit, Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (VAK); Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (VAK, STM); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (UP); Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (NC, RBH) and Cancer Control and Population Sciences (AFS), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD; Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (CCJ)
Correspondence to: Richard B. Hayes, PhD, EPN 8114, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 (e-mail: hayesr{at}mail.nih.gov).
Background: Several epidemiologic studies have reported associations between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk of prostate cancer, but the findings are inconsistent and data on clinically relevant advanced prostate cancer are limited.
Methods: We evaluated the association between prostate cancer risk and intake of fruits and vegetables in 1338 patients with prostate cancer among 29361 men (average follow-up = 4.2 years) in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Participants completed both a general risk factor and a 137-item food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results: Vegetable and fruit consumption was not related to prostate cancer risk overall; however, risk of extraprostatic prostate cancer (stage III or IV tumors) decreased with increasing vegetable intake (RR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.74, for high versus low intake; Ptrend = .01). This association was mainly explained by intake of cruciferous vegetables (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.98, for high versus low intake; Ptrend = .02), in particular, broccoli (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.89, for >1 serving per week versus <1 serving per month; Ptrend = .02) and cauliflower (RR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.89 for >1 serving per week versus <1 serving per month; Ptrend = .03). We found some evidence that risk of aggressive prostate cancer decreased with increasing spinach consumption, but the findings were not consistently statistically significant when restricted to extraprostatic disease.
Conclusion: High intake of cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and cauliflower, may be associated with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer, particularly extraprostatic disease.
| CONTEXT AND CAVEATS Prior knowledge Several epidemiologic studies have found that fruit and vegetable intake are associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent and data on advanced prostate cancer are limited. Study design Prospective study of men in the screening arm of a long-term randomized screening trial. Contribution Fruit and vegetable intake was not related to the overall risk of prostate cancer. A decreased risk of extraprostatic prostate cancer (stage III or IV tumors) was associated with increased intake of vegetables, mainly cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and cauliflower. Implications High intake of cruciferous vegetables, especially broccoli and cauliflower, may be associated with a reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Limitations Individuals with high intakes of fruits and vegetables generally have lower rates of smoking, higher levels of physical activity, and a more healthy lifestyle than those with low intakes. These associations could confound the prostate cancer association.
|
Manuscript received February 15, 2007; revised May 31, 2007; accepted June 19, 2007.
Related Article in JNCI
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
J Natl Cancer Inst 2007 99: 1137.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  L. Tang, G. R. Zirpoli, K. Guru, K. B. Moysich, Y. Zhang, C. B. Ambrosone, and S. E. McCann Consumption of Raw Cruciferous Vegetables is Inversely Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2008; 17(4): 938 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Another Reason to Eat Your Vegetables: Effect on Risk for Aggressive Prostate Cancer Journal Watch Oncology and Hematology, August 14, 2007; 2007(814): 6 - 6. [Full Text]
|
|