© 2005 Oxford University Press
REVIEW |
Epigenetic Changes in Prostate Cancer: Implication for Diagnosis and Treatment
Affiliations of authors: Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
Correspondence to: Rajvir Dahiya, PhD, Urology Research Center (112F), Veterans Affairs Medical Center and UCSF, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121 (e-mail: rdahiya{at}urol.ucsf.edu)
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. DNA methylation and histone modifications are important epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation and play essential roles both independently and cooperatively in tumor initiation and progression. Aberrant epigenetic events such as DNA hypo- and hypermethylation and altered histone acetylation have both been observed in prostate cancer, in which they affect a large number of genes. Although the list of aberrantly epigenetically regulated genes continues to grow, only a few genes have, so far, given promising results as potential tumor biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk assessment of prostate cancer. Thus, large-scale screening of aberrant epigenetic events such as DNA hypermethylation is needed to identify prostate cancer–specific epigenetic fingerprints. The reversibility of epigenetic aberrations has made them attractive targets for cancer treatment with modulators that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases, leading to reactivation of silenced genes. More studies into the mechanism and consequence of demethylation are required before the cancer epigenome can be safely manipulated with therapeutics as a treatment modality. In this review, we examine the current literature on epigenetic changes in prostate cancer and discuss the clinical potential of cancer epigenetics for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J.-W. Liu, J. K. Nagpal, W. Sun, J. Lee, M. S. Kim, K. L. Ostrow, S. Zhou, C. Jeronimo, R. Henrique, W. Van Criekinge, et al. ssDNA-Binding Protein 2 Is Frequently Hypermethylated and Suppresses Cell Growth in Human Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2008; 14(12): 3754 - 3760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Mimeault, P. P. Mehta, R. Hauke, and S. K. Batra Functions of Normal and Malignant Prostatic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Tissue Regeneration and Cancer Progression and Novel Targeting Therapies Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2008; 29(2): 234 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Mimeault and S. K. Batra Interplay of distinct growth factors during epithelial mesenchymal transition of cancer progenitor cells and molecular targeting as novel cancer therapies Ann. Onc., October 1, 2007; 18(10): 1605 - 1619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Stettner, S. Kaulfuss, P. Burfeind, S. Schweyer, A. Strauss, R.-H. Ringert, and P. Thelen The relevance of estrogen receptor-{beta} expression to the antiproliferative effects observed with histone deacetylase inhibitors and phytoestrogens in prostate cancer treatment Mol. Cancer Ther., October 1, 2007; 6(10): 2626 - 2633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kwabi-Addo, W. Chung, L. Shen, M. Ittmann, T. Wheeler, J. Jelinek, and J.-P. J. Issa Age-Related DNA Methylation Changes in Normal Human Prostate Tissues Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2007; 13(13): 3796 - 3802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Morey, D. J. Smiraglia, S. R. James, J. Yu, M. T. Moser, B. A. Foster, and A. R. Karpf DNA Methylation Pathway Alterations in an Autochthonous Murine Model of Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., December 15, 2006; 66(24): 11659 - 11667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Iljin, M. Wolf, H. Edgren, S. Gupta, S. Kilpinen, R. I. Skotheim, M. Peltola, F. Smit, G. Verhaegh, J. Schalken, et al. TMPRSS2 Fusions with Oncogenic ETS Factors in Prostate Cancer Involve Unbalanced Genomic Rearrangements and Are Associated with HDAC1 and Epigenetic Reprogramming Cancer Res., November 1, 2006; 66(21): 10242 - 10246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Xu, L. Ngo, G. Perez, M. Dokmanovic, and P. A. Marks Intrinsic apoptotic and thioredoxin pathways in human prostate cancer cell response to histone deacetylase inhibitor PNAS, October 17, 2006; 103(42): 15540 - 15545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Kulp, C.-S. Chen, D.-S. Wang, C.-Y. Chen, and C.-S. Chen Antitumor Effects of a Novel Phenylbutyrate-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, (S)-HDAC-42, in Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 12(17): 5199 - 5206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Dai, O. Kim, Y. Xie, Z. Guo, K. Xu, B. Wang, X. Kong, J. Melamed, H. Chen, C. J. Bieberich, et al. Tyrosine Kinase Etk/BMX Is Up-regulated in Human Prostate Cancer and Its Overexpression Induces Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Mouse Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 66(16): 8058 - 8064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Okino, D. Pookot, L.-C. Li, H. Zhao, S. Urakami, H. Shiina, M. Igawa, and R. Dahiya Epigenetic Inactivation of the Dioxin-Responsive Cytochrome P4501A1 Gene in Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 66(15): 7420 - 7428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Wei, C. Balch, H. H. Paik, Y.-S. Kim, R. L. Baldwin, S. Liyanarachchi, L. Li, Z. Wang, J. C. Wan, R. V. Davuluri, et al. Prognostic DNA methylation biomarkers in ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2006; 12(9): 2788 - 2794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Rosenbaum, M. O. Hoque, Y. Cohen, M. Zahurak, M. A. Eisenberger, J. I. Epstein, A. W. Partin, and D. Sidransky Promoter Hypermethylation as an Independent Prognostic Factor for Relapse in Patients with Prostate Cancer Following Radical Prostatectomy Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2005; 11(23): 8321 - 8325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Enokida, H. Shiina, S. Urakami, M. Igawa, T. Ogishima, L.-C. Li, M. Kawahara, M. Nakagawa, C. J. Kane, P. R. Carroll, et al. Multigene Methylation Analysis for Detection and Staging of Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2005; 11(18): 6582 - 6588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|