© 2004 by Oxford University Press
© 2004 Oxford University Press
COMMENTARY |
Tobacco and Cancer: Recent Epidemiological Evidence
Affiliations of authors: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Torino, CPO-Piemonte, via Santena 7 10126 Torino, and ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy (PV); Division of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (MA); School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA (PB, J. Smith); Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans (EF); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (SF, KS); Department of Epidemiology, Shangai Cancer Institute, Shangai, China (YTG); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India (PCG); Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, UK (AH); Instituto de Oncologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (EM); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J. Samet); National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa (FS); UIC School of Public Health, Chicago IL (LS); American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA (MJT); GSF-Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany (HEW); University of Southern California, Los Angeles (AHW); Institute of Carcinogenesis, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia (DZ); Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiolocal Studies Unit, University of Oxford, UK (RP, RD).
Correspondence to: Paolo Vineis, MD, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Torino - CPO - Piemonte, via Santena 7 10126 Torino, Italy (e-mail: paolo.vineis@unito.it)
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
During the 1950s, the evidence was clearly sufficient to establish the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoking (1). By the end of the 1950s, convincing evidence linking smoking with lung cancer and other cancers had been obtained from case–control and cohort studies, carcinogens had been identified in tobacco smoke, and cigarette smoke condensate had been shown to cause tumors when painted on the skin of mice. Since then, the numbers of deaths attributable to tobacco smoking have sharply increased, reflecting the heavy smoking patterns of previous decades. It has been estimated that tobacco smoking is currently responsible for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths in developed countries, and that if current smoking patterns persist, an epidemic of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking is expected to occur in developing countries (2). In addition, smoking causes even more deaths from vascular, respiratory, and other diseases than from cancer,
TOBACCO SMOKE is a MULTIPLE ORGAN SITE CARCINOGEN
Cancers of Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, and Nasopharynx
Stomach Cancer
Liver Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
Myeloid Leukemia
Cancer of the Large Bowel
OTHER FORMS of TOBACCO
Bidi Smoking
Cigar and Pipe Smoking
MECHANISTIC SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCE
Lung Cancer
Other Cancers
INVOLUNTARY SMOKING
CONCLUSIONS
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