© 2004 by Oxford University Press
© 2004 Oxford University Press
ARTICLE |
Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
in Gastric Cancer Cell Growth, Angiogenesis, and Vessel Maturation
Affiliations of authors: Department of Cancer Biology (OS, FF, WL, AB, CDB, LME) and Department of Surgical Oncology (MFM, JSW, LME), The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (GLS)
Correspondence to: Lee M. Ellis, MD, Department of Surgical Oncology, Box 444, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009 (e-mail: lellis{at}mdanderson.org)
Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a heterodimer comprising the oxygen-regulated subunit, HIF-1
, and HIF-1
, mediates transcription of the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Overexpression of HIF-1 is associated with tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and invasion. We examined the effects of inhibiting HIF-1 activity on angiogenesis and human gastric cancer growth in vivo. Methods: Human gastric cancer TMK-1 cells were stably transfected with pHIF-1DN, an expression plasmid encoding a dominant-negative form of HIF-1 that dimerizes with endogenous HIF-1 to produce HIF-1 complexes that cannot activate transcription, or with the empty expression vector (pCEP4). Two clones of pHIF-1DN–transfected cells, DN2 and DN3, were tested in all experiments. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure VEGF secretion by transfected cells cultured in hypoxic (1% O2) or nonhypoxic (20% O2) conditions. We used subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse tumor models to examine the growth of tumors derived from injected pHIF-1DN–or pCEP4-transfected cells. Tumor cell proliferation, vessel area (a measure of functional vascular volume), and tumor endothelial cell association with pericyte-like cells (a measure of vessel maturation) were analyzed by immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent staining. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: DN2 cells and DN3 cells secreted less VEGF than pCEP4-transfected TMK-1 cells when cultured in nonhypoxic or hypoxic conditions (e.g., DN2 versus pCEP4 in nonhypoxic conditions: 645 pg of VEGF/106 cells versus 1591 pg of VEGF/106 cells, difference = 946 pg of VEGF/106 cells [95% confidence interval {CI} = 640 to 1251 pg of VEGF/106 cells; P = .006]; DN2 versus pCEP4 in hypoxic conditions: 785 pg of VEGF/106 cells versus 2807 pg of VEGF/106 cells, difference = 2022 pg of VEGF/106 cells [95% CI = 1871 to 2152 pg of VEGF/106 cells; P<.001]). In the subcutaneous tumor model, tumors derived from DN2 or DN3 cells had lower final volumes, weights, and vessel areas, less tumor endothelial cell association with desmin-positive cells, and fewer proliferating tumor cells than tumors derived from pCEP4-transfected cells. In the orthotopic tumor model, tumors derived from DN2 cells had smaller volumes and less vessel area and maturation than tumors derived from pCEP4-transfected cells. Conclusions: Inhibition of HIF-1 activity impairs gastric tumor growth, angiogenesis, and vessel maturation.
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