© 2000 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 92, No. 2, 106-111,
January 19, 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
Doses of Nicotine and Lung Carcinogens Delivered to Cigarette Smokers
Affiliations of authors: M. V. Djordjevic, Division of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY; S. D. Stellman (Division of Epidemiology), E. Zang (Biostatistics and Computing Facility), American Health Foundation, New York, NY.
Correspondence to: Mirjana V. Djordjevic, Ph.D., Division of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, American Health Foundation, 1 Dana Rd., Valhalla, NY 10595 (e-mail: Mirjana{at}ix.netcom.com).
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke yields of tar and nicotine obtained under the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC)-specified machine-smoking protocol (35-mL puff volume drawn for 2 seconds
once per minute) may not accurately reflect the delivery of toxins and carcinogens to the smoker.
We conducted this study to obtain more realistic estimates of exposure to components of cigarette
smoke that affect lung cancer risk. METHODS: We used a pressure transducer system to evaluate
puffing characteristics for 133 smokers of cigarettes rated by the FTC at 1.2 mg of nicotine or less
(56 smokers of low-yield cigarettes [
0.8 mg of nicotine per cigarette] and 77
smokers of medium-yield cigarettes [0.9-1.2 mg of nicotine per cigarette]). We
programmed measurements from a randomly chosen subset of 72 of these smokers into a
piston-type machine to generate smoke from each smoker's usual brand of cigarettes for
assays of nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar, and the lung cancer-causing agents
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and benzo[a]pyrene. The
FTC protocol was also used to assess levels of targeted components in the 11 brands most
frequently smoked by study subjects. RESULTS: Compared with the FTC protocol values,
smokers of low- and medium-yield brands took in statistically significantly larger puffs (48.6 and
44.1 mL, respectively) at statistically significantly shorter intervals (21.3 and 18.5 seconds,
respectively), and they drew larger total smoke volumes than specified in the FTC parameters.
They received, respectively, 2.5 and 2.2 times more nicotine and 2.6 and 1.9 times more tar than
FTC-derived amounts, as well as about twofold higher levels of benzo[a]pyrene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Smokers of medium-yield
cigarettes compared with smokers of low-yield cigarettes received higher doses of all
components. CONCLUSIONS: The FTC protocol underestimates nicotine and carcinogen doses
to smokers and overestimates the proportional benefit of low-yield cigarettes. Thus, FTC-based
nicotine medication doses prescribed/recommended for smoking cessation may need to be
reassessed.
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