© 1999 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 91, No. 23, 2014-2019,
December 1, 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
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Cytosine Deaminase/5-Fluorocytosine-Based Vaccination Against Liver Tumors: Evidence of Distant Bystander Effect
Affiliations of authors: V. Pierrefite-Carle, B. Rossi, Unité INSERM 364, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; P. Baqué, M. Mala, M. Chazal, A. Bourgeon, Service de Chirurgie Abdominale et Thoracique, Hôpital l'Archet II, Nice; A. Gavelli, Service de Chirurgie, Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace, Monaco, Principauté de Monaco; J. Gugenheim, Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Nice; G. Milano, Laboratoire d'Oncopharmacologie, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice; P. Staccini, Biostatistiques et Informatique Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Nice.
Correspondence to: Valérie Pierrefite-Carle, Ph.D., Unité INSERM 364, Faculté de Médecine, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice cédex 2, France (e-mail: pierrefi{at}unice.fr).
BACKGROUND: The cytosine deaminase gene of Escherichia coli converts the nontoxic compound 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), thereby acting as a suicide gene when introduced into cancer cells, killing the cells when they are exposed to 5-fluorocytosine. We analyzed the efficacy of using cytosine deaminase-bearing cancer cells as an autologous tumor vaccine in a rat model that mimics liver metastasis from colon carcinoma. METHODS: We introduced a plasmid vector containing the E. coli cytosine deaminase gene into a BDIX rat colon carcinoma cell line. Intrahepatic injection of the modified cells in syngeneic animals generates a single experimental liver "suicide tumor." We then analyzed the effect of 5-fluorocytosine treatment in terms of regression of cytosine deaminase-expressing cells in vivo as well as protection against wild-type cancer cells. RESULTS: Treatment with 5-fluorocytosine induced regression of cytosine deaminase-expressing (CD+) tumors, with seven of 11 treated animals being tumor free at the end of 30 days and a statistically significant difference in tumor volumes between treated and control animals (two-sided P<.0001). Intrahepatic injection of CD+ cells followed by 5-fluorocytosine treatment rendered the treated animals resistant to challenge with wild-type tumor cells, with no (zero of seven) treated animals developing wild-type tumors in contrast to all (four of four) control animals. Moreover, in animals with established wild-type liver tumors, injection of CD+ tumor cells followed by 5-fluorocytosine treatment produced a statistically significant increase in survival time (two-sided P<.0001). In vivo immunodepletion and immunohistologic analysis of experimental tumors indicate that natural killer cells are the major immune component involved in this antitumor effect. CONCLUSIONS and IMPLICATIONS: Taken together, these results suggest the potential use of suicide gene-modified tumor cells as therapeutic vaccines against liver metastasis from colon carcinoma.
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