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JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998 90(21):1626-1636; doi:10.1093/jnci/90.21.1626
© 1998 by Oxford University Press
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Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 90, No. 21, 1626-1636, November 4, 1998
©Copyright 1998 Oxford University Press


ARTICLES

Oral Cancer Risk in Relation to Sexual History and Evidence of Human Papillomavirus Infection

Stephen M. Schwartz, Janet R. Daling, David R. Doody, Gregory C. Wipf, Joseph J. Carter, Margaret M. Madeleine, Er-Jia Mao, E. Dawn Fitzgibbons, Shixuan Huang, Anna Marie Beckmann, James K. McDougall, Denise A. Galloway

Affiliations of authors: S. M. Schwartz, J. R. Daling, M. M. Madeleine, Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; D. R. Doody, E. D. Fitzgibbons (Program in Epidemiology), G. C. Wipf, J. J. Carter, E.-J. Mao, S. Huang, A. M. Beckmann (Program in Cancer Biology), Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; J. K. McDougall, Program in Cancer Biology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington; D. A. Galloway, Program in Cancer Biology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington.

Correspondence to: Stephen M. Schwartz, Ph.D., Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave., N. (MP-381), P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024.

Abstract

Background: Experimental models and analyses of human tumors suggest that oncogenic, sexually transmittable human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologic factors in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine whether the risk of this cancer is related to HPV infection and sexual history factors. Methods: Case subjects (n = 284) were 18-65-year-old residents of three counties in western Washington State who were newly diagnosed with oral SCC from 1990 through 1995. Control subjects (n = 477) similar in age and sex were selected from the general population. Serum samples were tested for HPV type 16 capsid antibodies. Exfoliated oral tissue collected from case and control subjects and tumor tissue from case subjects were tested for HPV DNA. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results: Among males only, oral SCC risk increased with self-reported decreasing age at first intercourse, increasing number of sex partners, and a history of genital warts. Approximately 26% of the tumors in case subjects contained HPV DNA; 16.5% of the tumors contained HPV type 16 DNA. The prevalence of oncogenic HPV types in exfoliated oral tissue was similar in case and control subjects. The ORs for HPV type 16 capsid seropositivity were 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-3.3) for all oral SCCs and 6.8 (95% CI = 3.0-15.2) for oral SCCs containing HPV type 16 DNA. The joint association of cigarette smoking and HPV type 16 capsid seropositivity with oral SCC (OR = 8.5; 95% CI = 5.1-14.4) was stronger than predicted from the sum of individual associations with current smoking (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.0-5.2) and seropositivity (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1-2.6). Conclusions: HPV type 16 infection may contribute to the development of a small proportion of oral SCCs in this population, most likely in combination with cigarette smoking. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1626-36]



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