© 1996 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 88, No. 11, 727-733,
June 5, 1996
© 1996 Oxford University Press
Increase in Testicular Cancer Incidence in Six European Countries: a Birth Cohort Phenomenon
Departments of Cancer Epidemiology and Statistics, Uppsala University Sweden
Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Uppsala University Sweden
Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Uppsala University and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health Boston
Institute of Epidemiology, GSF Research Centre Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany
Cancer Control and Epidemiology Department Warsaw, Poland
Danish Cancer Registry Copenhagen, Denmark
Norwegian Cancer Registry Oslo, Norway
Finnish Cancer Registry Helsinki. Finland
Unit of Cancer Epidemiology. Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
Correspondence to:Reinhold Bergström, Ph.D., M.D.h.c, Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 513, S-751 20 Uppsala. Sweden.
BACKGROUND:: For unknown reasons, the age-standardized incidence of testicular cancer has shown a rapid increase in virtually all countries (mostly Western) studied. For populations with a sufficiently long period of cancer registration, this development can be traced back to the first half of this century.
PURPOSE:: By evaluating data from six countries with long periods of cancer registration (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the former German Democratic Republic [East Germany], Finland, and Poland), we sought to determine whether the increase in testicular cancer risk follows a birth cohort pattern and, if so, to quantify and compare any birth cohort effects.
METHODS:: A total of 30 908 incident cases of testicular cancer, diagnosed from 1945 through 1989 in men who were 20–84 years of age, were identified in population-based cancer registries in the six countries. In addition to performing simple trend analyses, we fitted several Poisson regression models (with the explanatory variables age, time period [calendar time], and birth cohort) to the data. Individual models were estimated by the maximum likelihood method.
RESULTS:: The age-standardized incidence of testicular cancer was found to vary among the six populations and, on the basis of total registration data, increased annually at rates ranging from 2.3% (in Sweden) to 5.2% (in East Germany). A comparison of several regression models indicated that birth cohort was a stronger determinant of testicular cancer risk than was calendar time for all six populations. Within each population, little variation in testicular cancer risk was observed for men born between 1880 and 1920; thereafter, the risk began to increase. Among men born in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden between 1930 and 1945 (the period encompassing the Second World War), the increasing trend in risk was interrupted (i.e., a leveling in risk occurred). After 1945, an uninterrupted increase in risk was observed for all six populations. With men born around 1905 as the reference group, the relative risk of testicular cancer for those born around 1965 varied from 3.9 (95% confidence interval [Cl] = 2.7–5.6) in Sweden to 11.4 (95% Cl = 8.3–15.5) in East Germany.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:: The increasing trend in testicular cancer risk observed for these six populations follows a birth cohort pattern. This distinct risk pattern provides a framework for the identification of specific etiologic factors.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Joffe What has happened to human fertility? Hum. Reprod., November 19, 2009; (2009) dep390v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. L Dias, E. Rajpert-De Meyts, R. McLachlan, and K. L. Loveland Analysis of activin/TGFB-signaling modulators within the normal and dysfunctional adult human testis reveals evidence of altered signaling capacity in a subset of seminomas Reproduction, November 1, 2009; 138(5): 801 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. K. Jensen, R. Jacobsen, K. Christensen, N. C. Nielsen, and E. Bostofte Good Semen Quality and Life Expectancy: A Cohort Study of 43,277 Men Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2009; 170(5): 559 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. M. Lacerda, O. Akre, F. Merletti, and L. Richiardi Time Trends in the Incidence of Testicular Cancer in Childhood and Young Adulthood Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2009; 18(7): 2042 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Fottner, S. Sattarova, K. Hoffmann, G. Spottl, and M. M Weber Elevated serum levels of IGF-binding protein 2 in patients with non-seminomatous germ cell cancer: correlation with tumor markers {alpha}-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin Eur. J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2008; 159(3): 317 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Biggs, M. D. Davis, D. L. Eaton, N. S. Weiss, D. B. Barr, D. R. Doody, S. Fish, L. L. Needham, C. Chen, and S. M. Schwartz Serum Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Case-Control Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2008; 17(8): 2012 - 2018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Marcon, B. F. Hales, and B. Robaire Reversibility of the Effects of Subchronic Exposure to the Cancer Chemotherapeutics Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin on Spermatogenesis, Fertility, and Progeny Outcome in the Male Rat J Androl, July 1, 2008; 29(4): 408 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Blaser Understanding Microbe-Induced Cancers Cancer Prevention Research, June 1, 2008; 1(1): 15 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Dias, S. Meachem, E. Rajpert-De Meyts, R. McLachlan, U. Manuelpillai, and K.L. Loveland Activin receptor subunits in normal and dysfunctional adult human testis Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2008; 23(2): 412 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Pettersson, L. Richiardi, A. Nordenskjold, M. Kaijser, and O. Akre Age at Surgery for Undescended Testis and Risk of Testicular Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., May 3, 2007; 356(18): 1835 - 1841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sripada, S. Fonseca, A. Lee, K. Harrild, D. Giannaris, E. Mathers, and S. Bhattacharya Trends in Semen Parameters in the Northeast of Scotland J Androl, March 1, 2007; 28(2): 313 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. McGlynn, L. C. Sakoda, M. V. Rubertone, I. A. Sesterhenn, C. Lyu, B. I. Graubard, and R. L. Erickson Body Size, Dairy Consumption, Puberty, and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2007; 165(4): 355 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Savabieasfahani, K. Kannan, O. Astapova, N. P. Evans, and V. Padmanabhan Developmental Programming: Differential Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol-A or Methoxychlor on Reproductive Function Endocrinology, December 1, 2006; 147(12): 5956 - 5966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Stang, W. Ahrens, C. Baumgardt-Elms, C. Stegmaier, H. Merzenich, M. de Vrese, J. Schrezenmeir, and K.-H. Jockel Adolescent Milk Fat and Galactose Consumption and Testicular Germ Cell Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2006; 15(11): 2189 - 2195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. McGlynn, Y. Zhang, L. C. Sakoda, M. V. Rubertone, R. L. Erickson, and B. I. Graubard Maternal smoking and testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2006; 15(10): 1820 - 1824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Chamkhia, M. Sakly, and K. B. Rhouma Male reproductive impacts of styrene in rat Toxicology and Industrial Health, September 1, 2006; 22(8): 349 - 355. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Rajpert-De Meyts Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: genetic and environmental aspects Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2006; 12(3): 303 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bray, L. Richiardi, A. Ekbom, D. Forman, E. Pukkala, M. Cuninkova, and H. Moller Do testicular seminoma and nonseminoma share the same etiology? Evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis of incidence trends in eight European countries. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 652 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Crockford, R. Linger, S. Hockley, D. Dudakia, L. Johnson, R. Huddart, K. Tucker, M. Friedlander, K.-A. Phillips, D. Hogg, et al. Genome-wide linkage screen for testicular germ cell tumour susceptibility loci Hum. Mol. Genet., February 1, 2006; 15(3): 443 - 451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sutcliffe, H. A. Spoudeas, D. Nair, P. Bouloux, T. Oliver, P. Sambrook, W. Bannister, C. B. Lambalk, and T. Spector Comparison of serum FSH and Inhibin B levels between adult male dizygotic and monozygotic twins Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2006; 21(2): 447 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Hofer, T. J. Browne, L. He, R. I. Skotheim, R. A. Lothe, and M. A. Rubin Identification of Two Molecular Groups of Seminomas by Using Expression and Tissue Microarrays Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 11(16): 5722 - 5729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Dahl, C. F. Haaland, A. Mykletun, R. Bremnes, O. Dahl, O. Klepp, E. Wist, and S. D. Fossa Study of Anxiety Disorder and Depression in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2005; 23(10): 2389 - 2395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Montgomery, F. Granath, A. Ehlin, P. Sparen, and A. Ekbom Germ-Cell Testicular Cancer in Offspring of Finnish Immigrants to Sweden Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 280 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Corton and P. J. Lapinskas Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Mediators of Phthalate Ester-Induced Effects in the Male Reproductive Tract? Toxicol. Sci., January 1, 2005; 83(1): 4 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Richiardi, R. Bellocco, H.-O. Adami, A. Torrang, L. Barlow, T. Hakulinen, M. Rahu, A. Stengrevics, H. Storm, S. Tretli, et al. Testicular Cancer Incidence in Eight Northern European Countries: Secular and Recent Trends Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2004; 13(12): 2157 - 2166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bromen, A. Stang, C. Baumgardt-Elms, C. Stegmaier, W. Ahrens, K. A. Metz, and K.-H. Jockel Testicular, Other Genital, and Breast Cancers in First-Degree Relatives of Testicular Cancer Patients and Controls Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2004; 13(8): 1316 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S Fisher Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome Reproduction, March 1, 2004; 127(3): 305 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Joffe Infertility and environmental pollutants Br. Med. Bull., December 1, 2003; 68(1): 47 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. I. Skotheim, K. S. Korkmaz, T. I. Klokk, V. M. Abeler, C. G. Korkmaz, J. M. Nesland, S. D. Fossa, R. A. Lothe, and F. Saatcioglu NKX3.1 Expression Is Lost in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2003; 163(6): 2149 - 2154. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ekbom, L. Richiardi, O. Akre, S. M. Montgomery, and P. Sparen Age at Immigration and Duration of Stay in Relation to Risk for Testicular Cancer Among Finnish Immigrants in Sweden J Natl Cancer Inst, August 20, 2003; 95(16): 1238 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kaijser, O. Akre, S. Cnattingius, and A. Ekbom Maternal Lung Cancer and Testicular Cancer Risk in the Offspring Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2003; 12(7): 643 - 646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. F. Thonneau, P. Candia, and R. Mieusset Cryptorchidism: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Potential Role of Environment; An Update J Androl, March 1, 2003; 24(2): 155 - 162. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L Quintana-Murci, M E Weale, M G Thomas, E Erdei, N Bradman, J H Shanks, C Krausz, and K McElreavey Y chromosome haplotypes and testicular cancer in the English population J. Med. Genet., March 1, 2003; 40(3): e20 - 20. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. I. Skotheim, O. Monni, S. Mousses, S. D. Fossa, O.-P. Kallioniemi, R. A. Lothe, and A. Kallioniemi New Insights into Testicular Germ Cell Tumorigenesis from Gene Expression Profiling Cancer Res., April 1, 2002; 62(8): 2359 - 2364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-M. F. Kersemaekers, F. Mayer, M. Molier, P. C. van Weeren, J. W. Oosterhuis, C. Bokemeyer, and L. H.J. Looijenga Role of P53 and MDM2 in Treatment Response of Human Germ Cell Tumors J. Clin. Oncol., March 15, 2002; 20(6): 1551 - 1561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Zafarana, A. J. M. Gillis, R. J. H. L. M. van Gurp, P. G. Olsson, F. Elstrodt, H. Stoop, J. L. Millan, J. W. Oosterhuis, and L. H. J. Looijenga Coamplification of DAD-R, SOX5, and EKI1 in Human Testicular Seminomas, with Specific Overexpression of DAD-R, Correlates with Reduced Levels of Apoptosis and Earlier Clinical Manifestation Cancer Res., March 1, 2002; 62(6): 1822 - 1831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Strumberg, S. Brugge, M. W. Korn, S. Koeppen, J. Ranft, G. Scheiber, C. Reiners, C. Mockel, S. Seeber, and M. E. Scheulen Evaluation of long-term toxicity in patients after cisplatin-based chemotherapy for non-seminomatous testicular cancer Ann. Onc., February 20, 2002; 13(2): 229 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Stang, W. Ahrens, K. Bromen, C. Baumgardt-Elms, I. Jahn, C. Stegmaier, S. Krege, and K.-H. Jockel Undescended testis and the risk of testicular cancer: importance of source and classification of exposure information Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 30(5): 1050 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Dejucq and B. Jegou Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2001; 65(2): 208 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Moller Trends in incidence of testicular cancer and prostate cancer in Denmark Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2001; 16(5): 1007 - 1011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Lifschitz-Mercer, D. J. Elliott, L. Schreiber-Bramante, L. Leider-Trejo, A. Eisenthal, and B. B.-S. Maymon Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia: Associated Infertility and Review of the Diagnostic Modalities International Journal of Surgical Pathology, April 1, 2001; 9(2): 93 - 98. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Joffe ARE PROBLEMS WITH MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CAUSED BY ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION? Occup. Environ. Med., April 1, 2001; 58(4): 281 - 281. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. Solomon and T. Schettler Environment and health: 6. Endocrine disruption and potential human health implications Can. Med. Assoc. J., November 1, 2000; 163(11): 1471 - 1476. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Liu, R. Semenciw, C. Waters, S. W. Wen, L. S Mery, and Y. Mao Clues to the aetiological heterogeneity of testicular seminomas and non-seminomas: time trends and age-period-cohort effects Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2000; 29(5): 826 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Jacobsen, E. Bostofte, G. Engholm, J. Hansen, J. H Olsen, N. E Skakkebæk, and H. Møller Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study BMJ, September 30, 2000; 321(7264): 789 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Jacobsen, E. Bostofte, G. Engholm, J. Hansen, N. E. Skakkebak, and H. Moller Fertility and offspring sex ratio of men who develop testicular cancer: a record linkage study Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2000; 15(9): 1958 - 1961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. K. Chaganti and J. Houldsworth Genetics and Biology of Adult Human Male Germ Cell Tumors Cancer Res., March 1, 2000; 60(6): 1475 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.G. Andersen, T.K. Jensen, E. Carlsen, N. Jorgensen, A.M. Andersson, T. Krarup, N. Keiding, and N.E. Skakkebak High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2000; 15(2): 366 - 372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Møller and N. E Skakkebæk Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study BMJ, February 27, 1999; 318(7183): 559 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. J. Waddell Epidemiological Studies and Effects of Environmental Estrogens International Journal of Toxicology, February 1, 1998; 17(2): 173 - 191. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. S. Vom Saal, P. S. Cooke, D. L. Buchanan, P. Palanza, K. A. Thayer, S. C. Nagel, S. Parmigiani, and W. V. Welshons A Physiologically Based Approach To the Study of Bisphenol a and Other Estrogenic Chemicals On the Size of Reproductive Organs, Daily Sperm Production, and Behavior Toxicology and Industrial Health, January 1, 1998; 14(1-2): 239 - 260. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|