© 1993 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 85, No. 8, 653-657,
April 21, 1993
© 1993 Oxford University Press
Psychological Impact of Screening for Familial Ovarian Cancer
Imperial Cancer Research Fund Health Behavior Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London London, England
Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London London
Correspondence to: Jane Wardle, Ph.D., Health Behavior Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England.
Background: Psychological distress following false-positive results could constitute a substantial disadvantage of cancer screening. Purpose: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the psychological impact of true-negative and false-positive results in a high-risk group of women in a screening program to detect early familial ovarian cancer by ovarian ultrasound scan. The influence of coping style was also assessed. Methods: Of 500 women who contacted the nationally advertised screening program, 302 received the scan and participated in the study. Before the screening, they were mailed a questionnaire concerning psychological state, coping style, and anxiety about risk of cancer. Transabdominal ultrasonography and transvaginal ultrasonography with color Doppler imaging were used to detect persistent ovarian lesions and changes in volume. Women were informed of any abnormality immediately and asked to return for another scan after 6 weeks. Those with a persistent ovarian mass were referred for hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. The questionnaire was used to reassess psychological distress after the first ultrasound scan, after rescanning, and after surgery. Results: The first scan showed negative results for 233 of the 302 women; 69 (23%) had abnormalities in ovarian morphology. Sixty-four of the 69 had a second scan, with negative results for 32 and equivocal results for 12; 20 had surgery because the results of both scans were positive. None of the patients in the screening program were found to have ovarian cancer. After the first scan, psychological distress and worries about cancer were significantly reduced (P<.001) in the women who had negative results. Responses to positive results depended on the baseline coping style and the clinician's appraisal of malignancy potential at the time of the scan. Women who had information-seeking coping styles and those who were referred for surgery had higher levels of distress than other women. At follow-up, the anxiety scores of women who had positive results on both scans but negative results at surgery had returned to baseline levels. Conclusions: The findings suggest that false-positive results in screening are associated with increased distress in the short term, but these adverse effects do not appear to be severe or persistent. Women who had surgery appeared to welcome the certainty that they could never develop ovarian cancer. Implications: The issue of continued surveillance needs to be addressed, since many women expressed the desire to have the scan repeated regularly. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:653-657, 1993]
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