© 1993 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 85, No. 11, 875-883,
June 2, 1993
© 1993 Oxford University Press
Folate, Methionine, and Alcohol Intake and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston, Mass Brigham Women's Hospital Boston, Mass
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Mass
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
Correspondence to: Edward Giovannucci, M.D., Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115.
Background: Reduced methylation of DNA may contribute to loss of the normal controls on proto-oncogene expression. In humans, hypomethylation of DNA has been observed in colorectal cancers and in their adenomatous polyp precursors. Accumulation of DNA methylation abnormalities, observed during progression of human colorectal neoplasia, may be influenced by certain dietary factors. The apparent protective effect of fresh fruits and vegetables, the major folate sources, on colorectal cancer incidence suggests that a methyldeficient diet contributes to occurrence of this malignancy. Low dietary folate and methionine and high intake of alcohol may reduce levels of S-adeno-sylmethionine, which is required for DNA methylation. Purpose: To determine if dietary factors that may influence methyl availability are related to colorectal adenomas, we prospectively examined the association of folate, methionine, and alcohol intakes and risk of colorectal adenoma. Methods: We assessed dietary intake for a 1-year period for women of the Nurses' Health Study, started in 1976, and for men of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, started in 1986—using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Adenomatous polyps of the left colon or rectum were diagnosed in 564 of 15984 women who had had an endoscopy between 1980 and 1990 and in 331 of 9490 men who had undergone an endoscopy between 1986 and 1990. Results: High dietary folate was inversely associated with risk of colorectal adenoma in women (multivariate relative risk [RR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46–0.95 between high and low quintiles of intake) and in men (RR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.41–0.98) after adjusting for age, family history, indications for endoscopy, history of previous endoscopy, total energy intake, saturated fat intake, dietary fiber, and body mass index. Relative to nondrinkers, drinkers of more than 30 g of alcohol daily (about two drinks) had an elevated risk of adenoma (in women, RR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.19–2.86; in men, RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 0.92–2.93). Methionine intake was inversely associated with risk of adenomas 1 cm or larger (RR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46–0.85, combining men and women). Conclusions: Folate, alcohol, and methionine could influence methyl group availability, and a methyl-deficient diet may be linked to early stages of colorectal neoplasia. A dietary pattern that increases methyl availability could reduce incidence of colorectal cancer. Implications: These data support efforts to increase dietary folate in segments of the population having diets with low intakes of this nutrient. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:875–884, 1993]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. C. Figueiredo, A. J. Levine, M. V. Grau, E. L. Barry, P. M. Ueland, D. J. Ahnen, T. Byers, R. S. Bresalier, R. W. Summers, J. Bond, et al. Colorectal Adenomas in a Randomized Folate Trial: The Role of Baseline Dietary and Circulating Folate Levels Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2008; 17(10): 2625 - 2631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Levine, K. Wallace, S. Tsang, R. W. Haile, F. Saibil, D. Ahnen, B. F. Cole, E. L. Barry, D. J. Munroe, I. U. Ali, et al. MTHFR Genotype and Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: Data from a Double-blind Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2008; 17(9): 2409 - 2415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Lightfoot, J. H. Barrett, T. Bishop, E. L. Northwood, G. Smith, M. J.V. Wilkie, R. J.C. Steele, F. A. Carey, T. J. Key, R. Wolf, et al. Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotype Modifies the Chemopreventive Effect of Folate in Colorectal Adenoma, but not Colorectal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2008; 17(9): 2421 - 2430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Suehiro, C. W. Wong, L. R. Chirieac, Y. Kondo, L. Shen, C. R. Webb, Y. W. Chan, A. S.Y. Chan, T. L. Chan, T.-T. Wu, et al. Epigenetic-Genetic Interactions in the APC/WNT, RAS/RAF, and P53 Pathways in Colorectal Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2008; 14(9): 2560 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Shrubsole, H. Wu, R. M. Ness, Y. Shyr, W. E. Smalley, and W. Zheng Alcohol Drinking, Cigarette Smoking, and Risk of Colorectal Adenomatous and Hyperplastic Polyps Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2008; 167(9): 1050 - 1058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Lin, I-M. Lee, N. R Cook, J. Selhub, J. E Manson, J. E Buring, and S. M Zhang Plasma folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and risk of breast cancer in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008; 87(3): 734 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Y. Jung, E. M. Poole, J. Bigler, J. Whitton, J. D. Potter, and C. M. Ulrich DNA Methyltransferase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Gene-Nutrient Interactions in Relation to Risk of Colorectal Polyps Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2008; 17(2): 330 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Ryan-Harshman and W. Aldoori Diet and colorectal cancer: Review of the evidence Can Fam Physician, November 1, 2007; 53(11): 1913 - 1920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Meyerhardt, D. Niedzwiecki, D. Hollis, L. B. Saltz, F. B. Hu, R. J. Mayer, H. Nelson, R. Whittom, A. Hantel, J. Thomas, et al. Association of Dietary Patterns With Cancer Recurrence and Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer JAMA, August 15, 2007; 298(7): 754 - 764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Cho, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, C. S. Fuchs, K. Wu, A. T. Chan, S. H. Zeisel, and E. L. Giovannucci Dietary Choline and Betaine and the Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women J Natl Cancer Inst, August 15, 2007; 99(16): 1224 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hazra, K. Wu, P. Kraft, C. S. Fuchs, E. L. Giovannucci, and D. J. Hunter Twenty-four non-synonymous polymorphisms in the one-carbon metabolic pathway and risk of colorectal adenoma in the Nurses' Health Study Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2007; 28(7): 1510 - 1519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. F. Cole, J. A. Baron, R. S. Sandler, R. W. Haile, D. J. Ahnen, R. S. Bresalier, G. McKeown-Eyssen, R. W. Summers, R. I. Rothstein, C. A. Burke, et al. Folic Acid for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA, June 6, 2007; 297(21): 2351 - 2359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Schernhammer, B. Wolpin, N. Rifai, B. Cochrane, J. A. Manson, J. Ma, E. Giovannucci, C. Thomson, M. J. Stampfer, and C. Fuchs Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts Cancer Res., June 1, 2007; 67(11): 5553 - 5560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Oh, W. C. Willett, K. Wu, C. S. Fuchs, and E. L. Giovannucci Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2007; 165(10): 1178 - 1186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Y.L. Zee, S. Mora, S. Cheng, H. A. Erlich, K. Lindpaintner, N. Rifai, J. E. Buring, and P. M Ridker Homocysteine, 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C>T Polymorphism, Nutrient Intake, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in 24 968 Initially Healthy Women Clin. Chem., May 1, 2007; 53(5): 845 - 851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. McGrath, J. Y.Y. Wong, D. Michaud, D. J. Hunter, and I. De Vivo Telomere Length, Cigarette Smoking, and Bladder Cancer Risk in Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 815 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J J L Wong, N J Hawkins, and R L Ward Colorectal cancer: a model for epigenetic tumorigenesis Gut, January 1, 2007; 56(1): 140 - 148. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Stern, K. D. Siegmund, D. V. Conti, R. Corral, and R. W. Haile XRCC1, XRCC3, and XPD Polymorphisms as Modifiers of the Effect of Smoking and Alcohol on Colorectal Adenoma Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2006; 15(12): 2384 - 2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E Kesse, F Clavel-Chapelon, and M. Boutron-Ruault Dietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Tumors: A Cohort of French Women of the National Education System (E3N) Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2006; 164(11): 1085 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Marsit, K. Eddy, and K. T. Kelsey MicroRNA Responses to Cellular Stress. Cancer Res., November 15, 2006; 66(22): 10843 - 10848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J Weinstein, R. Stolzenberg-Solomon, P. Pietinen, P. R Taylor, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 929 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Hubner, K. R. Muir, J.-F. Liu, G. S. Sellick, R. F.A. Logan, M. Grainge, N. Armitage, I. Chau, R. S. Houlston, and The United Kingdom Colorectal Adenoma Prevention C Folate metabolism polymorphisms influence risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2006; 15(9): 1607 - 1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Tworoger, J. L. Hecht, E. Giovannucci, and S. E. Hankinson Intake of Folate and Related Nutrients in Relation to Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2006; 163(12): 1101 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Kelemen Food frequency questionnaires: not irrelevant yet. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 1054 - 1054. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. E Gabriel, J. W Crott, H. Ghandour, G. E Dallal, S.-W. Choi, M. K Keyes, H. Jang, Z. Liu, M. Nadeau, A. Johnston, et al. Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with diminished folate status, altered folate form distribution, and increased genetic damage in the buccal mucosa of healthy adults. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2006; 83(4): 835 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Wei, J. Ma, M. N. Pollak, N. Rifai, C. S. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, and E. Giovannucci C-Peptide, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, and the Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 750 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. A. Beresford, K. C. Johnson, C. Ritenbaugh, N. L. Lasser, L. G. Snetselaar, H. R. Black, G. L. Anderson, A. R. Assaf, T. Bassford, D. Bowen, et al. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial JAMA, February 8, 2006; 295(6): 643 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J Stover Influence of human genetic variation on nutritional requirements Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 436S - 442S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Zhang, S. C. Moore, J. Lin, N. R. Cook, J. E. Manson, I-M. Lee, and J. E. Buring Folate, Vitamin B6, Multivitamin Supplements, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2006; 163(2): 108 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Zhang, S. E. Hankinson, D. J. Hunter, E. L. Giovannucci, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Folate Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer Characterized by Hormone Receptor Status Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2005; 14(8): 2004 - 2008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. van den Donk, B. Buijsse, S. W. van den Berg, M. C. Ocke, J. L. Harryvan, F. M. Nagengast, F. J. Kok, and E. Kampman Dietary Intake of Folate and Riboflavin, MTHFR C677T Genotype, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk: A Dutch Case-Control Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1562 - 1566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Wei, E. Giovannucci, J. Selhub, C. S. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, and J. Ma Plasma Vitamin B6 and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma in Women J Natl Cancer Inst, May 4, 2005; 97(9): 684 - 692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Le Marchand, L. R. Wilkens, L. N. Kolonel, and B. E. Henderson The MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1198 - 1203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Pufulete, R Al-Ghnaniem, A Khushal, P Appleby, N Harris, S Gout, P W Emery, and T A B Sanders Effect of folic acid supplementation on genomic DNA methylation in patients with colorectal adenoma Gut, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 648 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Oh, W. C. Willett, C. S. Fuchs, and E. Giovannucci Dietary Marine n-3 Fatty Acids in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 835 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Tranah, E. Giovannucci, J. Ma, C. Fuchs, and D. J. Hunter APC Asp1822Val and Gly2502Ser Polymorphisms and Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 863 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Sangha, M Yao, and M M Wolfe Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colorectal cancer prevention Postgrad. Med. J., April 1, 2005; 81(954): 223 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Chen, C. Kyte, W. Chan, J. G. Wetmur, C. S. Fuchs, and E. Giovannucci Polymorphism in the Thymidylate Synthase Promoter Enhancer Region and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2004; 13(12): 2247 - 2250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Nagothu, A. K. Rishi, R. Jaszewski, O. Kucuk, and A. P. N. Majumdar Folic acid-mediated inhibition of serum-induced activation of EGFR promoter in colon cancer cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): G541 - G546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Giovannucci Alcohol, One-Carbon Metabolism, and Colorectal Cancer: Recent Insights from Molecular Studies J. Nutr., September 1, 2004; 134(9): 2475S - 2481S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Chen, S. M. Zhang, M. A. Schwarzschild, M. A. Hernan, G. Logroscino, W. C. Willett, and A. Ascherio Folate Intake and Risk of Parkinson's Disease Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2004; 160(4): 368 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Oh, W. C. Willett, C. S. Fuchs, and E. L. Giovannucci Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Carbohydrate Intake in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2004; 13(7): 1192 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Tranah, E. Giovannucci, J. Ma, C. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, and D. J. Hunter Epoxide hydrolase polymorphisms, cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2004; 25(7): 1211 - 1218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Tranah, E. Giovannucci, J. Ma, C. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, and D. J. Hunter XRCC2 and XRCC3 Polymorphisms Are Not Associated with Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2004; 13(6): 1090 - 1091. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. K. Al-Delaimy, K. M. Rexrode, F. B. Hu, C. M. Albert, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and J. E. Manson Folate Intake and Risk of Stroke Among Women Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1259 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Martinez, S. M Henning, and D. S Alberts Folate and colorectal neoplasia: relation between plasma and dietary markers of folate and adenoma recurrence Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2004; 79(4): 691 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-W. Choi, S. Friso, H. Ghandour, P. J. Bagley, J. Selhub, and J. B. Mason Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Induces Anomalies of Base Substitution and Methylation in the DNA of Rat Colonic Epithelium J. Nutr., April 1, 2004; 134(4): 750 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sharp and J. Little Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Folate Metabolism and Colorectal Neoplasia: A HuGE Review Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2004; 159(5): 423 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Goode, J. D. Potter, J. Bigler, and C. M. Ulrich Methionine Synthase D919G Polymorphism, Folate Metabolism, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2004; 13(1): 157 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Otani, M. Iwasaki, S. Yamamoto, T. Sobue, T. Hanaoka, M. Inoue, and S. Tsugane Alcohol Consumption, Smoking, and Subsequent Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Middle-Aged and Elderly Japanese Men and Women: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003; 12(12): 1492 - 1500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Bailey Folate, Methyl-Related Nutrients, Alcohol, and the MTHFR 677C->T Polymorphism Affect Cancer Risk: Intake Recommendations J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3748S - 3753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Jiang, F. B. Hu, E. L. Giovannucci, E. B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, D. Spiegelman, B. A. Rosner, and W. C. Willett Joint Association of Alcohol and Folate Intake with Risk of Major Chronic Disease in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2003; 158(8): 760 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Wei, H. Shen, L.-E Wang, C. M. Duphorne, P. C. Pillow, Z. Guo, Y. Qiao, and M. R. Spitz Association between Low Dietary Folate Intake and Suboptimal Cellular DNA Repair Capacity Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2003; 12(10): 963 - 969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giovannucci, J. Chen, S. A. Smith-Warner, E. B. Rimm, C. S. Fuchs, C. Palomeque, W. C. Willett, and D. J. Hunter Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Diet, and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2003; 12(10): 970 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Davis and E. O. Uthus Dietary Folate and Selenium Affect Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Aberrant Crypt Formation, Global DNA Methylation and One-Carbon Metabolism in Rats J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2907 - 2914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Cho, D. Spiegelman, D. J. Hunter, W. Y. Chen, S. M. Zhang, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Premenopausal Intakes of Vitamins A, C, and E, Folate, and Carotenoids, and Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 713 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Satia-Abouta, J. A. Galanko, C. F. Martin, J. D. Potter, A. Ammerman, and R. S. Sandler Associations of Micronutrients with Colon Cancer Risk in African Americans and Whites: Results from the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 747 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|