Table 2. Mortality rates, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing men who never used any tobacco product with those who smoked pipes exclusively, CPS-II, 1982–2000
| Cause of death (ICD-9 codes) |
Pipe-smoking status |
No. of deaths |
Rate* |
Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|
All causes |
Never |
20 620 |
1295.2 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
1883 |
1648.9 |
1.28 (1.22 to 1.34) |
1.33 (1.27 to 1.39) |
| |
Former |
1086 |
1216.8 |
0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) |
1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) |
| Oropharynx cancer (140–149)|| |
Never |
50 |
2.6 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
15 |
10.8 |
3.93 (2.19 to 7.08) |
3.90 (2.15 to 7.08) |
| |
Former |
3 |
2.6 |
1.09 (0.34 to 3.50) |
1.19 (0.37 to 3.87) |
| Esophagus cancer (150)|| |
Never |
113 |
6.0 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
20 |
14.4 |
2.47 (1.53 to 3.97) |
2.44 (1.51 to 3.95) |
| |
Former |
10 |
9.3 |
1.58 (0.83 to 3.02) |
1.60 (0.83 to 3.09) |
| Stomach cancer (151)|| |
Never |
225 |
11.7 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
18 |
12.9 |
1.11 (0.69 to 1.79) |
1.15 (0.71 to 1.87) |
| |
Former |
10 |
8.9 |
0.78 (0.41 to 1.47) |
0.84 (0.45 to 1.59) |
| Colorectal cancer (153–154)|| |
Never |
1035 |
54.1 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
104 |
75.0 |
1.39 (1.13 to 1.70) |
1.41 (1.15 to 1.73) |
| |
Former |
48 |
44.4 |
0.82 (0.61 to 1.09) |
0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) |
| Pancreas cancer (157)|| |
Never |
554 |
29.1 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
64 |
45.9 |
1.58 (1.22 to 2.05) |
1.61 (1.24 to 2.09) |
| |
Former |
25 |
22.7 |
0.80 (0.53 to 1.19) |
0.80 (0.53 to 1.20) |
| Larynx cancer (161)|| |
Never |
9 |
0.5 |
1.0 (referent) |
1.0 (referent) |
| |
Current |
10 |
7.2 |
15.2 (6.2 to 37.5) |
13.1 (5.2 to 33.1) |
| |
Former |
3 |
2.5 |
5.8 (1.6 to 21.5) |
5.6 (1.5 to 21.2) |
| Lung cancer (162)|| |
Never |
447 |
23.3 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
160 |
114.9 |
4.92 (4.10 to 5.89) |
5.00 (4.16 to 6.01) |
| |
Former |
40 |
36.8 |
1.56 (1.13 to 2.16) |
1.70 (1.23 to 2.36) |
| Bladder cancer (188)|| |
Never |
176 |
9.2 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
20 |
14.3 |
1.58 (1.00 to 2.51) |
1.50 (0.94 to 2.39) |
| |
Former |
18 |
15.6 |
1.76 (1.08 to 2.86) |
1.68 (1.03 to 2.75) |
| Kidney cancer (189)|| |
Never |
226 |
12.0 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
14 |
10.0 |
0.85 (0.49 to 1.45) |
0.91 (0.53 to 1.57) |
| |
Former |
13 |
12.1 |
1.04 (0.59 to 1.82) |
1.17 (0.67 to 2.06) |
| Coronary heart disease (410–414)¶ |
Never |
5602 |
322.8 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
481 |
389.9 |
1.22 (1.11 to 1.33) |
1.30 (1.18 to 1.43) |
| |
Former |
305 |
311.0 |
0.96 (0.85 to 1.07) |
1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) |
| Cerebrovascular disease (430–438)# |
Never |
2138 |
104.3 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
178 |
125.5 |
1.21 (1.04 to 1.41) |
1.27 (1.09 to 1.48) |
| |
Former |
118 |
95.7 |
0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) |
1.00 (0.83 to 1.20) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (490–492, 496)** |
Never |
245 |
12.0 |
1.00 (referent) |
1.00 (referent) |
| |
Current |
46 |
32.7 |
2.74 (2.00 to 3.75) |
2.98 (2.17 to 4.11) |
| |
Former |
16 |
13.0 |
1.12 (0.67 to 1.85) |
1.35 (0.81 to 2.25) |
|
* Death rates are per 100000 person-years and are age-standardized to the CPS-II male person-year distribution. ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition.
From Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age only.
From Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, race, educational level, body mass index, and alcohol consumption.
Analysis for all causes excluded men who reported prevalent cancer, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis in 1982.
|| Analyses for cancers excluded men who reported any prevalent cancer in 1982.
¶ Analysis for coronary heart disease excluded men who reported prevalent heart disease or diabetes in 1982.
# Analysis for cerebrovascular disease excluded men who reported prevalent stroke in 1982.
** Analysis for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease excluded men who reported prevalent emphysema or chronic bronchitis in 1982.
