Journal of the National Cancer Institute Advance Access originally published online on December 30, 2008
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2009 101(1):61-66; doi:10.1093/jnci/djn419
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BRIEF COMMUNICATION |
Anti-Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Antibodies and the Detection of Circulating Normal-Like Breast Tumor Cells
Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Cancer Genomics Centre (AMS, JB, JWMM, JAF), Department of Medical Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center (JK, PvdS, J-WG, SS), and Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute (FE, MS), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Correspondence to: Anieta M. Sieuwerts, PhD, Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rm BE-400, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands (e-mail: a.sieuwerts{at}erasmusmc.nl).
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ABSTRACT |
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Identification of specific subtypes of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of cancer patients can provide information about the biology of metastasis and improve patient management. However, to be effective, the method used to identify circulating tumor cells must detect all tumor cell types. We investigated whether the five subtypes of human breast cancer cells that have been defined by global gene expression profiling—normal-like, basal, HER2-positive, and luminal A and B—were identified by CellSearch, a US Food and Drug Administration–approved test that uses antibodies against the cell surface–expressed epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) to isolate circulating tumor cells. We used global gene expression profiling to determine the subtypes of a well-defined panel of 34 human breast cancer cell lines (15 luminal, nine normal-like, five basal-like, and five Her2-positive). We mixed 50-150 cells from 10 of these cell lines with 7.5 mL of blood from a single healthy human donor, and the mixtures were subjected to the CellSearch test to isolate the breast cancer cells. We found that the CellSearch isolation method, which uses EpCAM on the surface of circulating tumor cells for cell isolation, did not recognize, in particular, normal-like breast cancer cells, which in general have aggressive features. New tests that include antibodies that specifically recognize normal-like breast tumor cells but not cells of hematopoietic origin are needed.
Prior knowledge Identification of specific subtypes of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients can provide important prognostic information, but to be effective, the method used must recognize all tumor cell types. Study design The subtype of 19 well-characterized breast cancer cell lines was obtained by use of gene expression profiling, including normal-like, basal-like, HER2-positive, and luminal A and B. Cells from each line were mixed with blood from a healthy donor and subjected to the CellSearch circulating tumor cell assay. Contribution The CellSearch assay, which uses epithelial cell adhesion molecules on the cell surface, did not recognize normal-like breast cancer cells, although other subtypes were recognized. Implications Normal-like breast cancer cells have especially aggressive features, and so assays that recognize this subtype would provide valuable prognostic information. New assays are needed that include antibodies that specifically recognize this breast cancer subtype but not other cell types, including those of hematopoietic origin. Limitations Only homogeneous breast cancer cell lines with known subtypes were investigated. From the Editors
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Circulating tumor cells are cells that have detached from the primary tumor or metastatic tumor sites and entered the peripheral circulation. A limited number of markers are used for the isolation (ie, cell surface antigens) or detection (ie, various antigens or mRNAs) of circulating tumor cells. These markers include epithelial cell surface markers, such as the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; also known as CD326, ESA, HEA125, and TACSTD1); cytokeratins 7, 8, 18, 19, and 20; and more cancer-specific markers, such as HER2-neu and mucin 1 for breast carcinoma (1–3). Commercially available tests for isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells include the CellSearch circulating tumor cell test (Veridex LLC, San Diego, CA) and other tests (1–3). These tests use combinations of specific antibodies against these molecules and generally include antibodies against EpCAM for cell isolation. However, it is unclear whether such tests can detect all tumor subtypes. We investigated whether the CellSearch test could recognize all subtypes of breast cancer, including normal-like, basal, HER2-positive, and luminal A and B tumor cells.
The CellSearch circulating tumor cell test is the only diagnostic test that is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an automated test to detect and enumerate circulating tumor cells (4). Briefly, a blood sample that contains many leukocytes and few circulating tumor cells is drawn into 10-mL CellSave Preservative Tubes (Veridex LCC), which contain EDTA as an anticoagulant and a cellular preservative. The blood is maintained at room temperature and subsequently processed within 72 hours of collection by use of the CellSearch system (Veridex LLC), which consists of the CellTracks Autoprep (an automated sample preparation system), the CellSearch epithelial cell kit (to enrich for cells expressing EpCAM and to label nuclei, leukocytes, and epithelial cells), and the CellSpotter Analyzer (a semiautomated fluorescence-based microscopy system that permits computer-generated reconstruction of cellular images). By use of the CellSearch epithelial cell kit, circulating tumor cells are isolated with anti-EpCAM antibodies coupled to microscopic iron particles, and complexes of circulating tumor cells bound to anti-EpCAM–coupled iron particles are "pulled" out of the blood sample by use of powerful magnets. Unbound cells and the remaining plasma are aspirated, and the immunomagnetically isolated cells are permeabilized and stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (to detect nuclei); anti-CD45 antibodies labeled with allophycocyan (to detect leukocytes); and anti-cytokeratin 8, 18, and 19 antibodies labeled with phycoerythrin (to detect epithelial cells). After incubation with staining reagents, the magnetic separation is repeated and excess staining reagents are removed by aspiration. In the final processing step, the immunomagnetically isolated cells are resuspended in a MagNest Cell Presentation Device (Veridex LLC). This device consists of a chamber and two magnets that orient the immunomagnetically labeled cells for analysis by use of the CellSpotter Analyzer, a four-color semiautomated fluorescence microscope. Finally, circulating tumor cells that are defined as nucleated cells with a round to oval morphology that are positive for anti-cytokeratin antibody binding and negative for anti-CD45 antibody binding (5) are identified by an operator.
Results of the CellSearch test have been used to monitor disease progression and therapy efficacy in metastatic prostate (6), colorectal (7), and breast (8) cancer. For patients with advanced breast cancer, the number of circulating tumor cells as determined by the CellSearch test has been shown to have prognostic value (8–14). In addition, a change from the baseline number of circulating tumor cells after the first cycle of therapy appears to distinguish patients who have responded to systemic therapy (who have a decreased number of circulating tumor cells) from those who have not (who have an increased number of circulating tumor cells) (15).
Five subtypes of human breast cancers have been identified by global gene expression profiling, including normal-like, basal, HER2-positive, and luminal A and B (16). The normal-like and basal subtypes, which represented 7.8% and 25% of all breast cancers, respectively, in a cohort of 344 breast tumor samples from patients with lymph node–negative disease (17), are in general negative for estrogen receptor (ESR1), progesterone receptor, and HER2-neu, and so lack the molecular targets for endocrine therapy and anti-HER2–directed therapy and therefore have worse treatment options than other subtypes. Because each breast cancer subtype has distinct prognostic and therapeutic characteristics (16,18), it is important to establish whether each breast cancer subtype expresses the cell surface antigens that are used in assays to isolate and detect circulating tumor cells. It is also important to identify which breast cancer subtypes do not express an antigen and to determine which antibodies could be used instead of or in addition to antibodies that are included in the test for circulating tumor cells.
To investigate whether the CellSearch test recognized all five breast cancer subtypes that are characterized by their intrinsic gene expression profiles as previously described (16,18), we first determined the subtypes of our well-defined panel of 34 human breast cancer cell lines (19) by global gene expression profiling, as described previously (17). A previous analysis of nearly 150 polymorphic microsatellite markers in this panel of 34 cell lines has shown that each of these 34 cell lines is unique and monoclonal (20). As determined by the expression of genes in the intrinsic gene set (16,17), the complete panel contained 15 luminal cell lines (ie, no clear-cut discrimination between luminal A and B), nine normal-like lines, five basal-like lines, and five HER2-positive cell lines (Table 1). To validate the gene expression profiling data, transcript levels of 14 candidate genes were remeasured with Affymetrix GeneChip Exon 1.0 ST Arrays (Affymetrix UK Ltd., Wickham la Wooburn Grn, UK) and real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The 14 candidate genes that may as such enable discrimination between the breast cancer subgroups included genes that are more specific for cells of hematopoietic origin (CD44 and CD45); epithelial cell–specific genes such as those encoding cytokeratins, EpCAM, and mucin 1; genes encoding markers specific for the breast cancer subgroups (ESR1, ERBB1, ERBB2, CAV1, and CD24); and genes for two well-known epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers (TWIST1 and VIM). Transcript levels of these 14 genes in all the 34 cell lines were compared with those measured in whole-blood cells from 23 different blood donors before (n = 6 samples) and after (n = 23 samples) being subjected to EpCAM-based CellSearch enrichment to establish which genes were not expressed by blood cells and could be used to specifically identify the epithelial tumor cells (Table 1). The study was approved by the Erasmus MC Institutional Review Board. Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers after written informed consent was obtained. Supplementary Table 1 (available online) lists the gene expression assays used.
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We next randomly selected 19 of the 34 cell lines; incubated each cell line with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD45, CD24, CD44, or EpCAM, which were chosen to enable a distinction between CD45-positive cells of hematopoietic origin, CD45-negative and EpCAM-positive breast cancer cells, and CD45-negative, CD24-negative, and CD44-positive breast cancer stem cells (21); and used flow cytometry to measure the expression of each marker by each cell line (Table 2). Next, an aliquot (50–150 cells per aliquot) of each of these 19 cell lines was added to a separate 7.5-mL sample of peripheral blood from a single healthy volunteer donor, and the mixtures were subjected to the EpCAM-based CellSearch assay to isolate circulating tumor cells. Gene expression data of the isolated cells showed that cells with a luminal or HER2-positive subtype were generally isolated by the assay, whereas cells with a normal-like subtype, which lack EpCAM expression, were not isolated or were only partially isolated (eg, MDA-MB-231 cells, which have marginal EpCAM expression) (Figure 1; Supplementary Table 2, available online). We found that the cell lines with the normal-like subtype expressed high mRNA levels of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, TWIST1 (TWIST1) and vimentin (VIM) (one-way analysis of variance, two-sided P = .03 and P < .001, respectively) (Table 1); however, MDA-MB-231 cells expressed vimentin but did not appear to express TWIST1 (Supplementary Table 3, available online).
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Cells with a normal-like breast cancer subtype express high levels of genes that are characteristic of basal epithelial and adipose cells and low levels of genes that are characteristic of luminal epithelial cells (16). The normal-like breast cancer subtype is the only subtype that displays the putative tumor-initiating stem cell phenotype, which includes low expression of CD24 and high expression of CD44 (21,22) (Table 2) and has high expression of both vimentin and TWIST1 (Table 1). Expression of vimentin and TWIST1 has been used to identify cells that have undergone the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, a process that has been linked to the generation of cells with properties of stem cells and to the ability of breast cancer cells to enter the circulation and seed metastases (23–25). Thus, the normal-like breast cancer cell subtype is an important target for the development of individualized therapy and should not be overlooked when assessing circulating tumor cells. Intrinsic breast cancer subtypes are easily missed in analyses that use only crude, standard clinical or pathological criteria such as hormone receptor and HER2 status. Therefore, our results, which are based on a distinction in breast cancer subtypes determined by global gene expression profiling, cannot be compared with those of Cristofanilli et al. (8), who did not find differences in the number of circulating tumor cells between breast cancer cell subtypes that were defined only by hormone receptor and HER2 status.
New tests that include antibodies that specifically recognize normal-like breast tumor cells but not cells of hematopoietic origin are needed. As shown in Table 1, the phenotype of circulating leukocytes in the healthy blood donors before and after EpCAM-based CellSearch enrichment was characterized by the high expression of vimentin and CD44 mRNA and the low expression of CD24 mRNAs. Because antibodies against vimentin and CD44 also bind to cells of hematopoietic origin, these antibodies would not be suitable for the detection of circulating tumor cells that have an epithelial–mesenchymal transition origin or putative breast cancer stem cells. However, current strategies for detecting circulating tumor cells can be improved to allow assessment of these normal-like cells by selecting antigens that are ubiquitously and abundantly present and that can be made accessible for isolation with immunobeads on normal-like cells but that are absent on cells of hematopoietic origin. When selecting antigens to use for isolating circulating normal-like breast cancer cells, it must be emphasized that clinical (breast) cancer samples consist of heterogeneous cell populations and always contain leukocytes and other types of blood cells; we circumvented this problem by using homogeneous cell lines. Examples of membrane antigens that might fulfill the criteria of being ubiquitously and abundantly present on normal-like cells but absent on cells of hematopoietic origin are mucin 1 and caveolin 1. Gene transcripts of caveolin 1, an approximately 22-kDa integral membrane protein, and mucin 1, a 350-kDa glycoprotein that protects the cell surface, were ubiquitously expressed in all normal-like human breast tumor cell lines, with the apparent expression of caveolin 1 being higher (gene transcript expression range = 1.42–13.42, relative to the expression of HMBS, HPRT1, and GUSB) than that of mucin 1 (gene transcript expression range = 0.06–0.56, relative to the expression of HMBS, HPRT1, and GUSB) (Table 1; Supplementary Table 3, available online). Furthermore, in our 344 clinical breast cancer samples (17), decreased expression of EpCAM was associated with increasing expression of caveolin 1 (Spearman rs = –0.26, P < .001). Consequently, antibodies against antigens such as caveolin 1 might be able to specifically detect circulating tumor cells from normal-like breast tumors.
A limitation of this study is our use of homogeneous breast cancer cell lines of known subtypes instead of blood samples from patients with breast cancer that had been subtyped. Detection of normal-like breast cancer cells in clinical (breast) cancer samples, which consist of heterogeneous cell populations, will require an assay that uses a mixture of antibodies against different cell surface antigens that are present on circulating tumor cells but absent on cells of hematopoietic origin. Such an assay should be thoroughly validated before clinical use, not only in cultured cell lines but also in clinical samples of known intrinsic breast cancer subtype, as described previously for assays relying only on anti-EpCAM antibodies (5).
In conclusion, an EpCAM-dependent assay could not detect normal-like breast tumor cells. In the future, the identification of antibodies that specifically detect normal-like breast cancer cells (which in general have aggressive features) and their inclusion in the CellSearch assay may improve the sensitivity and feasibility of that assay without a loss of specificity.
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Funding |
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This study was in part financially supported by the Netherlands Genomic Initiative/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.
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The authors had full responsibility for the design of the study, the collection of the data, the analysis and interpretation of the data, the decision to submit the manuscript for publication, and the writing of the manuscript.
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Manuscript received June 12, 2008; revised October 7, 2008; accepted October 20, 2008.
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