© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press.
ARTICLES |
Alcohol Intake and Renal Cell Cancer in a Pooled Analysis of 12 Prospective Studies
Affiliations of authors: Channing Laboratory (JEL, DJH, EC, EG, WCW) and Division of Preventive Medicine (JEB, SMZ), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Departments of Nutrition (DJH, EG, WCW, SASW), Epidemiology (DJH, DS, HOA, JEB, EG, WCW, SMZ, SASW), and Biostatistics (DS), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HOA) and Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine (AW), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Health Services, Bethesda, MD (DA, MFL, AS); Department of Preventive Medicine and USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (LB); Department of Epidemiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (PAVDB, LJS); Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (ARF); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (JLF, SG); Northern California Cancer Center, Fremont, CA (PLHR); Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA (MLM, CR); Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (ABM); Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL (ASP); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (TER); Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland (MV)
Correspondence to: Jung Eun Lee, ScD, Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: jung.lee{at}channing.harvard.edu).
Background: The association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been inconsistent in case–control studies. An inverse association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been suggested in a few prospective studies, but each of these studies included a small number of cases.
Methods: We performed a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies that included 530469 women and 229575 men with maximum follow-up times of 7–20 years. All participants had completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RRs) for renal cell cancer were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled using a random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results: A total of 1430 (711 women and 719 men) cases of incident renal cell cancer were identified. The study-standardized incidence rates of renal cell cancer were 23 per 100000 person-years among nondrinkers and 15 per 100000 person-years among those who drank 15 g/day or more of alcohol. Compared with nondrinking, alcohol consumption (
15 g/day, equivalent to slightly more than one alcoholic drink per day) was associated with a decreased risk of renal cell cancer (pooled multivariable RR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval = 0.60 to 0.86; Ptrend<.001); statistically significant inverse trends with increasing intake were seen in both women and men. No difference by sex was observed (Pheterogeneity = .89). Associations between alcohol intake and renal cell cancer were not statistically different across alcoholic beverage type (beer versus wine versus liquor) (P = .40).
Conclusion: Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a lower risk of renal cell cancer among both women and men in this pooled analysis.
| CONTEXT AND CAVEATS Prior knowledge Results from studies of the relationship between alcohol consumption and renal cell cancer risk have been inconsistent. Study design Pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies to estimate relative risks of renal cell cancer by alcohol intake. Contribution Intake of approximately one drink per day was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell cancer, compared with no alcohol intake. The association was observed among both men and women. Implications Moderate intake of alcohol may be associated with reduced risk of renal cell cancer. Study limitations The study was survey based, and there may have been inaccuracies in reporting intake. Although the study was large, the majority of the population was white; thus, it is unknown whether the associations apply to other ethnic groups or other populations.
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Manuscript received November 2, 2006; revised March 6, 2007; accepted April 2, 2007.
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J Natl Cancer Inst 2007 99: 741.
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