© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press.
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Serum Concentrations of 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and Risk of Primary Liver Cancer
Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (KAM, CCA, MZ, TRO, SMD, PRT, HK, SDM); Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China (MZ); Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China (XDS, JHF, WQW, YLQ); Viral Epidemiology Section, AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD (BAOC); Toxicology Centre, National Institute of Public Health of Québec, Saint-Foy, Québec, Canada (JPW); University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO (SDM)
Correspondence to: Katherine A. McGlynn, PhD, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, EPS-7060, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852-7234 (e-mail: mcglynnk{at}mail.nih.gov).
Background: 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) exposure has been demonstrated to cause liver tumors in laboratory rodents. DDT's persistent metabolite and environmental degradation product, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), has also been associated with liver tumors in laboratory animals. Whether DDT and DDE are associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in humans is not clear. Methods: We carried out a nested case–control study among the participants of the Nutritional Intervention Trials in Linxian, China. The case group included 168 individuals who developed liver cancer during the trials, and the control group included 385 individuals frequency-matched on age and sex who were alive and well at the end of the study. Serum concentrations of DDT and DDE were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariable analysis. Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, the risk of developing liver cancer increased with increased serum DDT concentration (OR for quintile 1 versus quintile 5 = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.7 to 8.6, Ptrend = .0024). In contrast, there was no statistically significant association between liver cancer and serum DDE concentration. The association between high serum DDT concentration and liver cancer was stronger among individuals with DDE concentrations below the median value (odds ratio for tertile 3 versus tertile 1 = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.45 to 8.74) than those with concentrations above the median (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 0.97 to 2.98). A calculation of crude liver cancer risk found that there would be 26 liver cancers per 100 000 persons per year in the lowest quintile of DDT exposure versus 46 liver cancers per 100 000 persons per year in the highest quintile of DDT exposure. Conclusions: DDT may be a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly among persons with lower DDE concentrations. Risk may be particularly increased among persons exposed directly to DDT (resulting in a higher ratio of DDT to DDE) or, alternatively, risk may be associated with individual ability to metabolize DDT to DDE.
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