© 2004 by Oxford University Press
© 2004 Oxford University Press
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Heme Iron, Zinc, Alcohol Consumption, and Colon Cancer: Iowa Women's Health Study
Affiliations of authors: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (KEA, LJH, ARF, DRJ); Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea (DHL); Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (DRJ).
Correspondence to: Kristin E. Anderson, PhD, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South 2nd St., Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454 (e-mail: anderson_k{at}epi.umn.edu)
We examined associations among colon cancer incidence and dietary intake of heme iron, a possible prooxidant, zinc, a possible antioxidant, and alcohol, a disruptor of iron homeostasis. During 15 years of follow-up, 34 708 postmenopausal women, aged 55–69 years at baseline who completed a food-frequency questionnaire for the Iowa Women's Health Study, were followed for incident colon cancer. After adjusting for each micronutrient, the relative risks for proximal colon cancer increased more than twofold across categories of heme iron intake (Ptrend = .01) and the corresponding relative risks decreased more than 50% across categories for zinc intake (Ptrend = .01). The positive association with heme iron and the inverse association with zinc intake were stronger among women who consumed alcohol than among those who did not. Zinc intake was also associated with a decreased risk of distal colon cancer (Ptrend = .03), regardless of alcohol or heme iron consumption. Our results suggest that intake of dietary heme iron is associated with an increased risk of proximal colon cancer, especially among women who drink, but that intake of dietary zinc is associated with a decreased risk of both proximal and distal colon cancer.
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Correspondence about this Article
- Re: Heme Iron, Zinc, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Colon Cancer
- Susanna C. Larsson, Hans-Olov Adami, Edward Giovannucci, and Alicja Wolk
J Natl Cancer Inst 2005 97: 232-233.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
- RESPONSE: Re: Heme Iron, Zinc, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Colon Cancer
- Duk-Hee Lee, David R. Jacobs, Jr., and Kristin E. Anderson
J Natl Cancer Inst 2005 97: 233-234.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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