© 2003 by Oxford University Press
© 2003 Oxford University Press
ARTICLE |
Prostate Carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-Testosterone-Treated Rats Fed Tomato Powder, Lycopene, or Energy-Restricted Diets
Affiliations of authors: Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (TWMB, JWE); Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (ZL, SKC), School of Public Health (SL), Center for Biostatistics (SK), and Department of Human Nutrition (SKC), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Correspondence to: Steven K. Clinton, MD, PhD, A434 Starling Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Ave., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 (e-mail: clinton-1{at}medctr.osu.edu).
Background: Consumption of tomato products or lycopene and energy restriction have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of human prostate cancer. We investigated the effects of these dietary variables in a rat model of prostate carcinogenesis. Methods: Male rats (n = 194) treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and testosterone to induce prostate cancer were fed diets containing whole tomato powder (13 mg lycopene/kg diet), lycopene beadlets (161 mg lycopene/kg diet), or control beadlets. Rats in each group were randomly assigned to either ad libitum feeding or 20% diet restriction. Differences between Kaplan-Meier survival curves for diet composition or restriction were tested with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were developed to examine the combined effect of diet composition and restriction on survival. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Risk of death with prostate cancer was lower for rats fed the tomato powder diet than for rats fed control beadlets (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59 to 0.93; P = .009). In contrast, prostate cancer-specific mortality of the control and lycopene-fed rats was similar (P = .63). The proportions of rats dying with prostate cancer in the control, lycopene, and tomato powder groups were 80% (95% CI = 68% to 89%), 72% (95% CI = 60% to 83%), and 62% (95% CI = 48% to 75%), respectively. Rats in the diet-restricted group experienced longer prostate cancer-free survival than rats in the ad libitum-fed group (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.96; P = .029). The proportion of rats that developed prostate cancer was 79% (95% CI = 69% to 86%) for ad libitum-fed rats and 65% (95% CI = 54% to 74%) for rats fed restricted diets. No interactions were observed between diet composition and dietary restriction. Conclusions: Consumption of tomato powder but not lycopene inhibited prostate carcinogenesis, suggesting that tomato products contain compounds in addition to lycopene that modify prostate carcinogenesis. Diet restriction also reduced the risk of prostate cancer. Tomato phytochemicals and diet restriction may act by independent mechanisms.
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Correspondence about this Article
- Re: Prostate Carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)–Testosterone-Treated Rats Fed Tomato Powder, Lycopene, or Energy-Restricted Diets
- Jacqueline Limpens, Wytske M. van Weerden, Klaus Krämer, Dirk Pallapies, Ute C. Obermüller-Jevic, and Fritz H. Schröder
J Natl Cancer Inst 2004 96: 554.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
- RESPONSE: Re: Prostate Carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)–Testosterone-Treated Rats Fed Tomato Powder, Lycopene, or Energy-Restricted Diets
- Steven K. Clinton, Thomas M.-W. Boileau, and John W. Erdman, Jr.
J Natl Cancer Inst 2004 96: 554-555.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Editorial about this Article
- Tomatoes or Lycopene Versus Prostate Cancer: Is Evolution Anti-Reductionist?
- Peter H. Gann and Frederick Khachik
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 95: 1563-1565.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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