© 2003 by Oxford University Press
© 2003 Oxford University Press
ARTICLE |
Is Patient Travel Distance Associated With Survival on Phase II Clinical Trials in Oncology?
Affiliations of authors: E. B. Lamont, E. E. Vokes (Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Center), K. E. Pickett, J. J. Dignam (Department of Health Studies), M. A. List (Cancer Research Center), K. M. Stenson (Department of Surgery), D. J. Haraf (Department of Radiation Oncology), S. A. Sellergren (Department of Psychology), The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; D. Hayreh, School of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago; B. E. Brockstein, Northwestern University, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL.
Correspondence to: Elizabeth B. Lamont, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 100 Blossom St., Cox 600, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: elamont{at}partners.org).
Background: Prior research has suggested that patients who travel out of their neighborhood for elective care from specialized medical centers may have better outcomes than local patients with the same illnesses who are treated at the same centers. We hypothesized that this phenomenon, often called "referral bias" or "distance bias," may also be evident in curative-intent cancer trials at specialized cancer centers. Methods: We evaluated associations between overall survival and progression-free survival and the distance from the patient residence to the treating institution for 110 patients treated on one of four phase II curative-intent chemoradiotherapy protocols for locoregionally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck conducted at the University of Chicago over 7 years. Results: Using Cox regression that adjusted for standard patient-level disease and demographic factors and neighborhood-level economic factors, we found a positive association between the distance patients traveled from their residence to the treatment center and survival. Patients who lived more than 15 miles from the treating institution had only one-third the hazard of death of those living closer (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12 to 0.84). Moreover, with every 10 miles that a patient traveled for care, the hazard of death decreased by 3.2% (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94 to 0.99). Similar results were obtained for progression-free survival. Conclusion: Results of phase II curative-intent clinical trials in oncology that are conducted at specialized cancer centers may be confounded by patient travel distance, which captures prognostic significance beyond cancer stage, performance status, and wealth. More work is needed to determine what unmeasured factors travel distance is mediating.
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Correspondence about this Article
- Re: Is Patient Travel Distance Associated With Survival on Phase II Clinical Trials in Oncology?
- Alvaro Muñoz and Jonathan Samet
J Natl Cancer Inst 2004 96: 411.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
- RESPONSE: Re: Is Patient Travel Distance Associated With Survival on Phase II Clinical Trials in Oncology?
- Elizabeth B. Lamont
J Natl Cancer Inst 2004 96: 411-412.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Editorial about this Article
- Selection Bias, Phase II Trials, and the FDA Accelerated Approval Process
- Stephen L. George
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 95: 1351-1352.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. B. Lamont RESPONSE: Re: Is Patient Travel Distance Associated With Survival on Phase II Clinical Trials in Oncology? J Natl Cancer Inst, March 3, 2004; 96(5): 411 - 412. [Full Text] [PDF]
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