© 2003 by Oxford University Press
© 2003 Oxford University Press
ARTICLE |
Body Mass Index, Serum Sex Hormones, and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women
Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative GroupCorrespondence to: Timothy J. Key, DPhil, Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, Cancer Research U.K. Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Gibson Bldg., Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, U.K. (e-mail: Tim.Key{at}cancer.org.uk).
Background: Obesity is associated with increased breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. We examined whether this association could be explained by the relationship of body mass index (BMI) with serum sex hormone concentrations. Methods: We analyzed individual data from eight prospective studies of postmenopausal women. Data on BMI and prediagnostic estradiol levels were available for 624 case subjects and 1669 control subjects; data on the other sex hormones were available for fewer subjects. The relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer associated with increasing BMI were estimated by conditional logistic regression on case–control sets, matched within each study for age and recruitment date, and adjusted for parity. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Breast cancer risk increased with increasing BMI (Ptrend = .002), and this increase in RR was substantially reduced by adjustment for serum estrogen concentrations. Adjusting for free estradiol reduced the RR for breast cancer associated with a 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI from 1.19 (95% CI = 1.05 to 1.34) to 1.02 (95% CI = 0.89 to 1.17). The increased risk was also substantially reduced after adjusting for other estrogens (total estradiol, non–sex hormone–binding globulin–bound estradiol, estrone, and estrone sulfate), and moderately reduced after adjusting for sex hormone–binding globulin, whereas adjustment for the androgens (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and testosterone) had little effect on the excess risk. Conclusion: The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the increase in breast cancer risk with increasing BMI among postmenopausal women is largely the result of the associated increase in estrogens, particularly bioavailable estradiol.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. N. West-Wright, K. D. Henderson, J. Sullivan-Halley, G. Ursin, D. Deapen, S. Neuhausen, P. Reynolds, E. Chang, H. Ma, and L. Bernstein Long-Term and Recent Recreational Physical Activity and Survival After Breast Cancer: The California Teachers Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2009; 18(11): 2851 - 2859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Secreto, E. Venturelli, E. Meneghini, M. Greco, C. Ferraris, M. Gion, M. Zancan, A. S.C. Fabricio, F. Berrino, A. Cavalleri, et al. Testosterone and Biological Characteristics of Breast Cancers in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2009; 18(11): 2942 - 2948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Hafeman "Proportion Explained": A Causal Interpretation for Standard Measures of Indirect Effect? Am. J. Epidemiol., October 22, 2009; (2009) kwp283v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P. Cleary and M. E. Grossmann Obesity and Breast Cancer: The Estrogen Connection Endocrinology, June 1, 2009; 150(6): 2537 - 2542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M Hafeman and S. Schwartz Opening the Black Box: a motivation for the assessment of mediation Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2009; 38(3): 838 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. O'Connor, R. J. Ferrell, E. Brindle, J. Shofer, D. J. Holman, R. C. Miller, D. E. Schechter, B. Singer, and M. Weinstein Total and Unopposed Estrogen Exposure across Stages of the Transition to Menopause Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2009; 18(3): 828 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. L. Kleinberg, T. L. Wood, P. A. Furth, and A. V. Lee Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the Transition from Normal Mammary Development to Preneoplastic Mammary Lesions Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2009; 30(1): 51 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Gunter, D. R. Hoover, H. Yu, S. Wassertheil-Smoller, T. E. Rohan, J. E. Manson, J. Li, G. Y. F. Ho, X. Xue, G. L. Anderson, et al. Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women J Natl Cancer Inst, January 7, 2009; 101(1): 48 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. K. Neilson, C. M. Friedenreich, N. T. Brockton, and R. C. Millikan Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: Proposed Biologic Mechanisms and Areas for Future Research Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2009; 18(1): 11 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sieri, V. Krogh, G. Bolelli, C. A. Abagnato, S. Grioni, V. Pala, A. Evangelista, C. Allemani, A. Micheli, G. Tagliabue, et al. Sex Hormone Levels, Breast Cancer Risk, and Cancer Receptor Status in Postmenopausal Women: the ORDET Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2009; 18(1): 169 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kerlikowske, R. Walker, D. L. Miglioretti, A. Desai, R. Ballard-Barbash, D. S. M. Buist, and for the National Cancer Institute-Sponsored Breast Obesity, Mammography Use and Accuracy, and Advanced Breast Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, December 3, 2008; 100(23): 1724 - 1733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Sowers, H. Zheng, D. McConnell, B. Nan, S. D. Harlow, and J. F. Randolph Jr. Estradiol Rates of Change in Relation to the Final Menstrual Period in a Population-Based Cohort of Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2008; 93(10): 3847 - 3852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Honors and Awards * Bibliography of Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2008; 168(7): 845 - 854. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Mueller and L. Gooren Hormone-related tumors in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones Eur. J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2008; 159(3): 197 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. I. Phipps, K. E. Malone, P. L. Porter, J. R. Daling, and C. I. Li Body Size and Risk of Luminal, HER2-Overexpressing, and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2008; 17(8): 2078 - 2086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C M Friedenreich and A E Cust Physical activity and breast cancer risk: impact of timing, type and dose of activity and population subgroup effects Br. J. Sports Med., August 1, 2008; 42(8): 636 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-M. Song, J. Sung, and M. Ha Obesity and Risk of Cancer in Postmenopausal Korean Women J. Clin. Oncol., July 10, 2008; 26(20): 3395 - 3402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Wu, R. Wang, W.-P. Koh, F. Z. Stanczyk, H.-P. Lee, and M. C. Yu Sleep duration, melatonin and breast cancer among Chinese women in Singapore Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2008; 29(6): 1244 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Dawood, K. Broglio, A. M. Gonzalez-Angulo, S.-W. Kau, R. Islam, G. N. Hortobagyi, and M. Cristofanilli Prognostic Value of Body Mass Index in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2008; 14(6): 1718 - 1725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Rock, S. W. Flatt, G. A. Laughlin, E. B. Gold, C. A. Thomson, L. Natarajan, L. A. Jones, B. J. Caan, M. L. Stefanick, R. A. Hajek, et al. Reproductive Steroid Hormones and Recurrence-Free Survival in Women with a History of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2008; 17(3): 614 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Guoyang Luo, T. Morgan, M. O. Bahtiyar, V. V. Snegovskikh, F. Schatz, E. Kuczynski, E. F. Funai, A. T. Dulay, S.-T. J. Huang, C. S. Buhimschi, et al. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Progesterone Receptor Gene and Spontaneous Preterm Birth Reproductive Sciences, February 1, 2008; 15(2): 147 - 155. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bardia, C. M. Vachon, J. E. Olson, R. A. Vierkant, A. H. Wang, L. C. Hartmann, T. A. Sellers, and J. R. Cerhan Relative Weight at Age 12 and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2008; 17(2): 374 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. K Reeves, K. Pirie, V. Beral, J. Green, E. Spencer, D. Bull, and Million Women Study Collaboration Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study BMJ, December 1, 2007; 335(7630): 1134 - 1134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ahn, A. Schatzkin, J. V. Lacey Jr, D. Albanes, R. Ballard-Barbash, K. F. Adams, V. Kipnis, T. Mouw, A. R. Hollenbeck, and M. F. Leitzmann Adiposity, Adult Weight Change, and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk Arch Intern Med, October 22, 2007; 167(19): 2091 - 2102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C Larsson and A. Wolk Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2007; 86(3): 556 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Z. Stanczyk, J. S. Lee, and R. J. Santen Standardization of Steroid Hormone Assays: Why, How, and When? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1713 - 1719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Palmer, L. L. Adams-Campbell, D. A. Boggs, L. A. Wise, and L. Rosenberg A Prospective Study of Body Size and Breast Cancer in Black Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1795 - 1802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Baer, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, and J. F. Dorgan Adiposity and Sex Hormones in Girls Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1880 - 1888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Cui, Q. Dai, M. Tseng, X.-O. Shu, Y.-T. Gao, and W. Zheng Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2007; 16(7): 1443 - 1448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Wu, M. C. Yu, C.-C. Tseng, F. Z. Stanczyk, and M. C. Pike Diabetes and risk of breast cancer in Asian-American women Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2007; 28(7): 1561 - 1566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Vona-Davis and D. P Rose Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2007; 14(2): 189 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. B El-Serag, G. A Ergun, J. Pandolfino, S. Fitzgerald, T. Tran, and J. R Kramer Obesity increases oesophageal acid exposure Gut, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 749 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Tworoger, A. H. Eliassen, T. Kelesidis, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, C. S. Mantzoros, and S. E. Hankinson Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations and Risk of Incident Breast Cancer J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2007; 92(4): 1510 - 1516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schatzkin Can Biomarkers Help Us Understand the Nutritional and Lifestyle Factors Important in Cancer Prognosis? J. Nutr., January 1, 2007; 137(1): 249S - 252S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Tworoger, A. H. Eliassen, S. A. Missmer, H. Baer, J. Rich-Edwards, K. B. Michels, R. L. Barbieri, M. Dowsett, and S. E. Hankinson Birthweight and Body Size throughout Life in Relation to Sex Hormones and Prolactin Concentrations in Premenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2006; 15(12): 2494 - 2501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mahabir, D. J. Baer, L. L. Johnson, T. J. Hartman, J. F. Dorgan, W. S. Campbell, B. A. Clevidence, and P. R. Taylor Usefulness of Body Mass Index as a Sufficient Adiposity Measurement for Sex Hormone Concentration Associations in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2006; 15(12): 2502 - 2507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. F. Boyd, L. J. Martin, L. Sun, H. Guo, A. Chiarelli, G. Hislop, M. Yaffe, and S. Minkin Body Size, Mammographic Density, and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2006; 15(11): 2086 - 2092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Cowey and R. W. Hardy The Metabolic Syndrome: A High-Risk State for Cancer? Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2006; 169(5): 1505 - 1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J Martin, C. V Greenberg, V. Kriukov, S. Minkin, D. J. Jenkins, and N. F Boyd Intervention with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet does not influence the timing of menopause. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 920 - 928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. W. Setiawan, C. A. Haiman, F. Z. Stanczyk, L. Le Marchand, and B. E. Henderson Racial/Ethnic differences in postmenopausal endogenous hormones: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2006; 15(10): 1849 - 1855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bjornerem, B. Straume, P. Oian, and G. K. R. Berntsen Seasonal Variation of Estradiol, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate in Women and Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 3798 - 3802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Lee, B. Ettinger, F. Z. Stanczyk, E. Vittinghoff, V. Hanes, J. A. Cauley, W. Chandler, J. Settlage, M. S. Beattie, E. Folkerd, et al. Comparison of Methods to Measure Low Serum Estradiol Levels in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 3791 - 3797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Lippman, S. R. Cummings, D. P. Disch, J. L. Mershon, S. A. Dowsett, J. A. Cauley, and S. Martino Effect of Raloxifene on the Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis Categorized by Breast Cancer Risk Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 12(17): 5242 - 5247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Eliassen, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, W. C. Willett, and S. E. Hankinson Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA, July 12, 2006; 296(2): 193 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Maskarinec, I. Pagano, G. Lurie, and L. N. Kolonel A longitudinal investigation of mammographic density: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 732 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. P.M. Suijkerbuijk, F. J.B. Van Duijnhoven, C. H. Van Gils, P. A.H. Van Noord, P. H.M. Peeters, C. M. Friedenreich, and E. M. Monninkhof Physical activity in relation to mammographic density in the dutch prospect-European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2006; 15(3): 456 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Yager and N. E. Davidson Estrogen Carcinogenesis in Breast Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., January 19, 2006; 354(3): 270 - 282. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. E. Wood, T. C. Register, A. A. Franke, M. S. Anthony, and J. M. Cline Dietary Soy Isoflavones Inhibit Estrogen Effects in the Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 66(2): 1241 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Thibaudeau, J. Lepine, J. Tojcic, Y. Duguay, G. Pelletier, M. Plante, J. Brisson, B. Tetu, S. Jacob, L. Perusse, et al. Characterization of Common UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 Variants with Different Capacities to Inactivate Mutagenic 4-Hydroxylated Metabolites of Estradiol and Estrone Cancer Res., January 1, 2006; 66(1): 125 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. McCullough, H. S. Feigelson, W. R. Diver, A. V. Patel, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Risk Factors for Fatal Breast Cancer in African-American Women and White Women in a Large US Prospective Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2005; 162(8): 734 - 742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Loi, R. L. Milne, M. L. Friedlander, M. R.E. McCredie, G. G. Giles, J. L. Hopper, and K.-A. Phillips Obesity and Outcomes in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2005; 14(7): 1686 - 1691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. T. Bloomgarden Second World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: Mediators, pediatric insulin resistance, the polycystic ovary syndrome, and malignancy Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1821 - 1830. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Cui, X.-O. Shu, Q. Cai, F. Jin, J.-R. Cheng, H. Cai, Y.-T. Gao, and W. Zheng Association of Breast Cancer Risk with a Common Functional Polymorphism (Asp327Asn) in the Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Gene Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1096 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Wu, K. Arakawa, F. Z. Stanczyk, D. Van Den Berg, W.-P. Koh, and M. C. Yu Tea and circulating estrogen levels in postmenopausal Chinese women in Singapore Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2005; 26(5): 976 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Geisler and P. E. Lonning Aromatase Inhibition: Translation into a Successful Therapeutic Approach Clin. Cancer Res., April 15, 2005; 11(8): 2809 - 2821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kerlikowske, J. Shepherd, J. Creasman, J. A. Tice, E. Ziv, and S. R. Cummings Are Breast Density and Bone Mineral Density Independent Risk Factors for Breast Cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst, March 2, 2005; 97(5): 368 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Chlebowski Obesity and Early-Stage Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 2005; 23(7): 1345 - 1347. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Decensi, P. Maisonneuve, N. Rotmensz, D. Bettega, A. Costa, V. Sacchini, A. Salvioni, R. Travaglini, P. Oliviero, G. D'Aiuto, et al. Effect of Tamoxifen on Venous Thromboembolic Events in a Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 650 - 656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. Lonning Exemestane for Breast Cancer Prevention: A Feasible Strategy? Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 11(2): 918s - 924s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. O. Shu, D. B. Moore, Q. Cai, J. Cheng, W. Wen, L. Pierce, H. Cai, Y.-T. Gao, and W. Zheng Association of Cyclin D1 Genotype with Breast Cancer Risk and Survival Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 91 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Newman Breast Cancer in African-American Women Oncologist, January 1, 2005; 10(1): 1 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bjornerem, B. Straume, M. Midtby, V. Fonnebo, J. Sundsfjord, J. Svartberg, G. Acharya, P. Oian, and G. K. R. Berntsen Endogenous Sex Hormones in Relation to Age, Sex, Lifestyle Factors, and Chronic Diseases in a General Population: The Tromso Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2004; 89(12): 6039 - 6047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Rock, S. W. Flatt, C. A. Thomson, M. L. Stefanick, V. A. Newman, L. A. Jones, L. Natarajan, C. Ritenbaugh, K. A. Hollenbach, J. P. Pierce, et al. Effects of a High-Fiber, Low-Fat Diet Intervention on Serum Concentrations of Reproductive Steroid Hormones in Women With a History of Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., June 15, 2004; 22(12): 2379 - 2387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Dignam and E. P. Mamounas Obesity and breast cancer prognosis: an expanding body of evidence Ann. Onc., June 1, 2004; 15(6): 850 - 851. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Turgeon, D. P. McDonnell, K. A. Martin, and P. M. Wise Hormone Therapy: Physiological Complexity Belies Therapeutic Simplicity Science, May 28, 2004; 304(5675): 1269 - 1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. McTiernan, S. S. Tworoger, C. M. Ulrich, Y. Yasui, M. L. Irwin, K. B. Rajan, B. Sorensen, R. E. Rudolph, D. Bowen, F. Z. Stanczyk, et al. Effect of Exercise on Serum Estrogens in Postmenopausal Women: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial Cancer Res., April 15, 2004; 64(8): 2923 - 2928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|