© 2002 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 94, No. 8, 606-616,
April 17, 2002
© 2002 Oxford University Press
ARTICLE |
Endogenous Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Reanalysis of Nine Prospective Studies
Background: Reproductive and hormonal factors are involved in the etiology of breast cancer, but there are only a few prospective studies on endogenous sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk. We reanalyzed the worldwide data from prospective studies to examine the relationship between the levels of endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Methods: We analyzed the individual data from nine prospective studies on 663 women who developed breast cancer and 1765 women who did not. None of the women was taking exogenous sex hormones when their blood was collected to determine hormone levels. The relative risks (RRs) for breast cancer associated with increasing hormone concentrations were estimated by conditional logistic regression on case–control sets matched within each study. Linear trends and heterogeneity of RRs were assessed by two-sided tests or chi-square tests, as appropriate. Results: The risk for breast cancer increased statistically significantly with increasing concentrations of all sex hormones examined: total estradiol, free estradiol, non-sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)-bound estradiol (which comprises free and albumin-bound estradiol), estrone, estrone sulfate, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and testosterone. The RRs for women with increasing quintiles of estradiol concentrations, relative to the lowest quintile, were 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.95), 1.21 (95% CI = 0.89 to 1.66), 1.80 (95% CI = 1.33 to 2.43), and 2.00 (95% CI = 1.47 to 2.71; Ptrend<.001); the RRs for women with increasing quintiles of free estradiol were 1.38 (95% CI = 0.94 to 2.03), 1.84 (95% CI = 1.24 to 2.74), 2.24 (95% CI = 1.53 to 3.27), and 2.58 (95% CI = 1.76 to 3.78; Ptrend<.001). The magnitudes of risk associated with the other estrogens and with the androgens were similar. SHBG was associated with a decrease in breast cancer risk (Ptrend = .041). The increases in risk associated with increased levels of all sex hormones remained after subjects who were diagnosed with breast cancer within 2 years of blood collection were excluded from the analysis. Conclusion: Levels of endogenous sex hormones are strongly associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
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S. Wedren, C. Magnusson, K. Humphreys, H. Melhus, A. Kindmark, F. Stiger, M. Branting, I. Persson, J. Baron, and E. Weiderpass Associations between Androgen and Vitamin D Receptor Microsatellites and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1775 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. Baer, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, and J. F. Dorgan Adiposity and Sex Hormones in Girls Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1880 - 1888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Tamimi, C. Byrne, G. A. Colditz, and S. E. Hankinson Endogenous Hormone Levels, Mammographic Density, and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women J Natl Cancer Inst, August 1, 2007; 99(15): 1178 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Micheli, E. Meneghini, G. Secreto, F. Berrino, E. Venturelli, A. Cavalleri, T. Camerini, M. G. Di Mauro, E. Cavadini, G. De Palo, et al. Plasma Testosterone and Prognosis of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2007; 25(19): 2685 - 2690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. R. Taylor, C. D. Williams, K. H. Makambi, C. Mouton, J. P. Harrell, Y. Cozier, J. R. Palmer, L. Rosenberg, and L. L. Adams-Campbell Racial Discrimination and Breast Cancer Incidence in US Black Women: The Black Women's Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2007; 166(1): 46 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. H. Wu, M. C. Yu, C.-C. Tseng, F. Z. Stanczyk, and M. C. Pike Diabetes and risk of breast cancer in Asian-American women Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2007; 28(7): 1561 - 1566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. L. Yaspan, J. P. Breyer, Q. Cai, Q. Dai, J. B. Elmore, I. Amundson, K. M. Bradley, X.-O. Shu, Y.-T. Gao, W. D. Dupont, et al. Haplotype Analysis of CYP11A1 Identifies Promoter Variants Associated with Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Res., June 15, 2007; 67(12): 5673 - 5682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Jones, E. J. Folkerd, D. A. Doody, J. Iqbal, M. Dowsett, A. Ashworth, and A. J. Swerdlow Effect of Delays in Processing Blood Samples on Measured Endogenous Plasma Sex Hormone Levels in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2007; 16(6): 1136 - 1139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-F. Chan, M. Dowsett, E. Folkerd, S. Bingham, N. Wareham, R. Luben, A. Welch, and K.-T. Khaw Usual Physical Activity and Endogenous Sex Hormones in Postmenopausal Women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk Population Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2007; 16(5): 900 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Vachon, V. S. Pankratz, C. G. Scott, S. D. Maloney, K. Ghosh, K. R. Brandt, T. Milanese, M. J. Carston, and T. A. Sellers Longitudinal Trends in Mammographic Percent Density and Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2007; 16(5): 921 - 928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Tworoger, A. H. Eliassen, P. Sluss, and S. E. Hankinson A Prospective Study of Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Risk of Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., April 20, 2007; 25(12): 1482 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Campbell, K. C. Westerlind, V. J. Harber, G. J. Bell, J. R. Mackey, and K. S. Courneya Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 731 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. E. Cade, V. J. Burley, D. C. Greenwood, and the UK Women's Cohort Study Steering Group Dietary fibre and risk of breast cancer in the UK Women's Cohort Study Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2007; 36(2): 431 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. M. Thiebaut, V. Kipnis, S.-C. Chang, A. F. Subar, F. E. Thompson, P. S. Rosenberg, A. R. Hollenbeck, M. Leitzmann, and A. Schatzkin Dietary Fat and Postmenopausal Invasive Breast Cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort J Natl Cancer Inst, March 21, 2007; 99(6): 451 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Zhang, I-M. Lee, J. E. Manson, N. R. Cook, W. C. Willett, and J. E. Buring Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2007; 165(6): 667 - 676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. M. Sinilnikova, J. D. McKay, S. V. Tavtigian, F. Canzian, D. DeSilva, C. Biessy, S. Monnier, L. Dossus, C. Boillot, L. Gioia, et al. Haplotype-Based Analysis of Common Variation in the Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase {alpha} Gene and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study Nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2007; 16(3): 409 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Haiman, L. Dossus, V. W. Setiawan, D. O. Stram, A. M. Dunning, G. Thomas, M. J. Thun, D. Albanes, D. Altshuler, E. Ardanaz, et al. Genetic Variation at the CYP19A1 Locus Predicts Circulating Estrogen Levels but not Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Res., March 1, 2007; 67(5): 1893 - 1897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Verheus, C. H. van Gils, L. Keinan-Boker, P. B. Grace, S. A. Bingham, and P. H.M. Peeters Plasma Phytoestrogens and Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk J. Clin. Oncol., February 20, 2007; 25(6): 648 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. L. Sprague, A. Trentham-Dietz, P. A. Newcomb, L. Titus-Ernstoff, J. M. Hampton, and K. M. Egan Lifetime Recreational and Occupational Physical Activity and Risk of In situ and Invasive Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2007; 16(2): 236 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Hietala, T. Sandberg, A. Borg, H. Olsson, and H. Jernstrom Testosterone levels in relation to oral contraceptive use and the androgen receptor CAG and GGC length polymorphisms in healthy young women Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2007; 22(1): 83 - 91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Campbell and A. McTiernan Exercise and Biomarkers for Cancer Prevention Studies J. Nutr., January 1, 2007; 137(1): 161S - 169S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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