© 2002 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 94, No. 4, 252-266,
February 20, 2002
© 2002 Oxford University Press
REVIEW |
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents: Mechanistic, Pharmacologic, and Clinical Issues
Affiliations of authors: M. J. Thun, S. J. Henley, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA; C. Patrono, Center of Excellence on Aging, Universitá degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy.
Correspondence to: Michael J. Thun, M.D., M.S., Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, National Home Office, 1599 Clifton Rd., N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329–4251 (e-mail: mthun{at}cancer.org).
Numerous experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly the highly selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, have promise as anticancer agents. NSAIDs restore normal apoptosis in human adenomatous colorectal polyps and in various cancer cell lines that have lost adenomatous polyposis coli gene function. NSAIDs also inhibit angiogenesis in cell culture and rodent models of angiogenesis. Many epidemiologic studies have found that long-term use of NSAIDs is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, adenomatous polyps, and, to some extent, other cancers. Two NSAIDs, sulindac and celecoxib, have been found to inhibit the growth of adenomatous polyps and cause regression of existing polyps in randomized trials of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). However, unresolved questions about the safety, efficacy, optimal treatment regimen, and mechanism of action of NSAIDs currently limit their clinical application to the prevention of polyposis in FAP patients. Moreover, the development of safe and effective drugs for chemoprevention is complicated by the potential of even rare, serious toxicity to offset the benefit of treatment, particularly when the drug is administered to healthy people who have low annual risk of developing the disease for which treatment is intended. This review considers generic approaches to improve the balance between benefits and risks associated with the use of NSAIDs in chemoprevention. We critically examine the published experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic literature on NSAIDs and cancer, especially that regarding colorectal cancer, and identify strategies to overcome the various logistic and scientific barriers that impede clinical trials of NSAIDs for cancer prevention. Finally, we suggest research opportunities that may help to accelerate the future clinical application of NSAIDs for cancer prevention or treatment.
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L. B. Sansbury, R. C. Millikan, J. C. Schroeder, P. G. Moorman, K. E. North, and R. S. Sandler Use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Risk of Colon Cancer in a Population-based, Case-Control Study of African Americans and Whites Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2005; 162(6): 548 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Crokart, K. Radermacher, B. F. Jordan, C. Baudelet, G. O. Cron, V. Gregoire, N. Beghein, C. Bouzin, O. Feron, and B. Gallez Tumor Radiosensitization by Antiinflammatory Drugs: Evidence for a New Mechanism Involving the Oxygen Effect Cancer Res., September 1, 2005; 65(17): 7911 - 7916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Zhang, Z. Chen, M. S. Choe, Y. Lin, S.-Y. Sun, H. S. Wieand, H. J. C. Shin, A. Chen, F. R. Khuri, and D. M. Shin Tumor Growth Inhibition by Simultaneously Blocking Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Cyclooxygenase-2 in a Xenograft Model Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2005; 11(17): 6261 - 6269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Lee, M. V. Williams, R. N. DuBois, and I. A. Blair Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated DNA Damage J. Biol. Chem., August 5, 2005; 280(31): 28337 - 28346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Jacobs, C. Rodriguez, A. M. Mondul, C. J. Connell, S. J. Henley, E. E. Calle, and M. J. Thun A Large Cohort Study of Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Prostate Cancer Incidence J Natl Cancer Inst, July 6, 2005; 97(13): 975 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Koornstra, F. E.M. Rijcken, C. N.A.M. Oldenhuis, N. Zwart, T. van der Sluis, H. Hollema, E. G.E. deVries, J. J. Keller, J. A. Offerhaus, F. M. Giardiello, et al. Sulindac Inhibits {beta}-Catenin Expression in Normal-Appearing Colon of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2005; 14(7): 1608 - 1612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Rigas and K. Kashfi Cancer Prevention: A New Era beyond Cyclooxygenase-2 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2005; 314(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. H.A. von Rahden, H. J. Stein, F. Puhringer, I. Koch, R. Langer, G. Piontek, J. R. Siewert, H. Hofler, and M. Sarbia Coexpression of Cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-C) in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cancer Res., June 15, 2005; 65(12): 5038 - 5044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Liu, L. C. Sakoda, Y.-T. Gao, A. Rashid, M.-C. Shen, B.-S. Wang, J. Deng, T.-Q. Han, B.-H. Zhang, J. F. Fraumeni Jr., et al. Aspirin Use and Risk of Biliary Tract Cancer: A Population-Based Study in Shanghai, China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1315 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Daikoku, D. Wang, S. Tranguch, J. D. Morrow, S. Orsulic, R. N. DuBois, and S. K. Dey Cyclooxygenase-1 Is a Potential Target for Prevention and Treatment of Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cancer Res., May 1, 2005; 65(9): 3735 - 3744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. G. Bottone Jr., Y. Moon, J. S. Kim, B. Alston-Mills, M. Ishibashi, and T. E. Eling The anti-invasive activity of cyclooxygenase inhibitors is regulated by the transcription factor ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2005; 4(5): 693 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Wang, A. Bergh, and J.-E. Damber Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Correlates with Local Chronic Inflammation and Tumor Neovascularization in Human Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2005; 11(9): 3250 - 3256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Yalcin, A. Buyukcelik, S. Yalcin, G. Utkan, H. Doruk, M. Dogan, and M. Altan Re: Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista: Breast Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women in a Randomized Trial of Raloxifene J Natl Cancer Inst, April 6, 2005; 97(7): 542 - 542. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Lindblad, J. Lagergren, and L. A. Garcia Rodriguez Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2005; 14(2): 444 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Baek, J.-S. Kim, S. M. Moore, S.-H. Lee, J. Martinez, and T. E. Eling Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Induce the Expression of the Tumor Suppressor Gene EGR-1, Which Results in the Up-Regulation of NAG-1, an Antitumorigenic Protein Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2005; 67(2): 356 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Jacobs, M. J. Thun, C. J. Connell, C. Rodriguez, S. J. Henley, H. S. Feigelson, A. V. Patel, W. D. Flanders, and E. E. Calle Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Breast Cancer Incidence in a Large U.S. Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 261 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. M. Hisamuddin, M. A. Wehbi, A. Chao, H. W. Wyre, L. M. Hylind, F. M. Giardiello, and V. W. Yang Genetic Polymorphisms of Human Flavin Monooxygenase 3 in Sulindac-Mediated Primary Chemoprevention of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2004; 10(24): 8357 - 8362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Liu, P. Yue, Z. Zhou, F. R. Khuri, and S.-Y. Sun Death Receptor Regulation and Celecoxib-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, December 1, 2004; 96(23): 1769 - 1780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Goodman, E. D. Bowman, S. J. Chanock, A. J. Alberg, and C. C. Harris Arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) polymorphisms and colon cancer risk Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2004; 25(12): 2467 - 2472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. E. Hardman (n-3) Fatty Acids and Cancer Therapy J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3427S - 3430S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. L. Rice, K. S. Beard, L. J. Driggers, and D. J. Ahnen Inhibition of Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinases 1/2 Is Required for Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Cells In vitro by Sulindac Metabolites Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 64(22): 8148 - 8151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Moos, K. Edes, J. E. Mullally, and F. A. Fitzpatrick Curcumin impairs tumor suppressor p53 function in colon cancer cells Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2004; 25(9): 1611 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Chen, X. Zhang, M. Li, Z. Wang, H. S. Wieand, J. R. Grandis, and D. M. Shin Simultaneously Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Cyclooxygenase-2, an Efficient Approach to Inhibition of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2004; 10(17): 5930 - 5939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. C Larsson, M. Kumlin, M. Ingelman-Sundberg, and A. Wolk Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 935 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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