© 2002 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 94, No. 21, 1604-1613,
November 6, 2002
© 2002 Oxford University Press
ARTICLE |
Herpes Simplex Virus-2 as a Human Papillomavirus Cofactor in the Etiology of Invasive Cervical Cancer
For the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Multicentric Cervical Cancer Study Group
Affiliations of authors: J. S. Smith, N. Muñoz, S. Franceschi, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; R. Herrero, Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Edificio de Residencias Médicas, San José, Costa Rica; C. Bosetti, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy; F. X. Bosch, X. Castellsagué, Institut Català d’Oncologia, L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; J. Eluf-Neto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; C. J. L. M. Meijer, A. J. C. Van den Brule, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; R. Ashley, University of Washington, Seattle.
Correspondence to: Jennifer S. Smith, Ph.D., M.P.H., Unit of Field and Intervention Studies, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon, France (e-mail: smith{at}iarc.fr).
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, but cofactors may act in conjunction with HPV. We performed a pooled analysis of seven case–control studies to examine the effect of one possible HPV cofactor, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer. Methods: Blood and exfoliated cervical specimens were obtained from 1263 case patients with invasive cervical cancer (1158 with squamous-cell carcinomas and 105 with adeno- or adenosquamous-cell carcinomas) and 1117 age-matched control subjects. Western blot analysis and/or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect type-specific serum antibodies to HSV-2 and HSV-1, and Chlamydia trachomatis serum antibodies were detected using a micro-immunofluorescence assay. HPV DNA was detected using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed from unconditional logistic regression models. Results: Overall, HSV-2 seropositivity was higher among case patients with squamous-cell carcinoma (44.4%, 95% CI = 41.5% to 47.3%) or adeno- or adenosquamous-cell carcinoma (43.8%, 95% CI = 34.2% to 53.5%) than among control subjects (25.6%, 95% CI = 23.0% to 28.2%). Cervical specimens from 1098 (94.8%) squamous-cell carcinoma case patients, 95 (90.5%) adeno- or adenosquamous carcinoma case patients, and 164 (14.7%) control subjects were positive for HPV DNA. Among the HPV DNA-positive women, HSV-2 seropositivity was associated with increased risks of squamous-cell carcinoma (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.41 to 3.40) and adeno- or adenosquamous-cell carcinoma (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.47 to 7.74) after adjustment for potential confounders. A similar association between HSV-2 seropositivity and squamous-cell carcinoma risk was observed after further controlling for markers of sexual behavior (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.24 to 3.09). Among control subjects, HSV-2 seropositivity was associated with markers of sexual behavior, but not with cervical HPV DNA positivity. Conclusion: HSV-2 infection may act in conjunction with HPV infection to increase the risk of invasive cervical carcinoma.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. M. Jennings, T. A. Louis, J. M. Ellen, A. K. Srikrishnan, S. Sivaram, K. Mayer, S. Solomon, R. Kelly, and D. D. Celentano Geographic Prevalence and Multilevel Determination of Community-level Factors Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in Chennai, India Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2008; 167(12): 1495 - 1503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Fakhry, G. D'souza, E. Sugar, K. Weber, E. Goshu, H. Minkoff, R. Wright, E. Seaberg, and M. Gillison Relationship between Prevalent Oral and Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive and -Negative Women J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2006; 44(12): 4479 - 4485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Smith-Warner, D. Spiegelman, J. Ritz, D. Albanes, W. L. Beeson, L. Bernstein, F. Berrino, P. A. van den Brandt, J. E. Buring, E. Cho, et al. Methods for Pooling Results of Epidemiologic Studies: The Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2006; 163(11): 1053 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Castellsague, M. Diaz, S. de Sanjose, N. Munoz, R. Herrero, S. Franceschi, R. W. Peeling, R. Ashley, J. S. Smith, P. J. F. Snijders, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus etiology of cervical adenocarcinoma and its cofactors: implications for screening and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst, March 1, 2006; 98(5): 303 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Schottenfeld and J. Beebe-Dimmer Chronic inflammation: a common and important factor in the pathogenesis of neoplasia. CA Cancer J Clin, March 1, 2006; 56(2): 69 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Samoff, E. H. Koumans, L. E. Markowitz, M. Sternberg, M. K. Sawyer, D. Swan, J. R. Papp, C. M. Black, and E. R. Unger Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with Persistence of High-Risk Types of Human Papillomavirus in a Cohort of Female Adolescents Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2005; 162(7): 668 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. McIntyre-Seltman, P. E. Castle, R. Guido, M. Schiffman, C. M. Wheeler, and for The ALTS Group Smoking Is a Risk Factor for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 3 among Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus DNA-Positive Women with Equivocal or Mildly Abnormal Cytology Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1165 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Szladek, A Juhasz, G Kardos, K Szoke, T Major, I Sziklai, I Tar, I Marton, J Konya, L Gergely, et al. High co-prevalence of genogroup 1 TT virus and human papillomavirus is associated with poor clinical outcome of laryngeal carcinoma J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2005; 58(4): 402 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Shields, L. A. Brinton, R. D. Burk, S. S. Wang, S. J. Weinstein, R. G. Ziegler, Y. Y. Studentsov, M. McAdams, and M. Schiffman A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Invasive Cervical Cancer among U.S. Women Exposed to Oncogenic Types of Human Papillomavirus Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2004; 13(10): 1574 - 1582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Aurelian Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Vaccines: New Ground for Optimism? Clin. Vaccine Immunol., May 1, 2004; 11(3): 437 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. X. Bosch and S. de Sanjose Chapter 1: Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer--Burden and Assessment of Causality J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, June 1, 2003; 2003(31): 3 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. Castle and A. R. Giuliano Chapter 4: Genital Tract Infections, Cervical Inflammation, and Antioxidant Nutrients--Assessing Their Roles as Human Papillomavirus Cofactors J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, June 1, 2003; 2003(31): 29 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Hawes and N. B. Kiviat Are Genital Infections and Inflammation Cofactors in the Pathogenesis of Invasive Cervical Cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst, November 6, 2002; 94(21): 1592 - 1593. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|