© 2000 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 92, No. 4, 328-332,
February 16, 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
REPORTS |
Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk: Estrogen Versus Estrogen Plus Progestin
Affiliation of authors: University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles.
Correspondence to: Ronald K. Ross, M.D., University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Rm. 8302B, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181 (e-mail: ross_r{at}ccnt.hsc.usc.edu).
BACKGROUND: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) given as unopposed estrogen
replacement
therapy (ERT) gained widespread popularity in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. Recent
prescribing practices have favored combination HRT (CHRT), i.e., adding a progestin to estrogen
for
the entire monthly cycle (continuous combined replacement therapy [CCRT]) or a
part of
the cycle (sequential estrogen plus progestin therapy [SEPRT]). Few data exist on the
association between CHRT and breast cancer risk. We determined the effects of CHRT on a
woman's risk of developing breast cancer in a population-based, case-control study.
METHODS: Case subjects included those with incident breast cancers diagnosed over 4
years in Los Angeles County, CA, in the late 1980s and 1990s. Control subjects were
neighborhood
residents who were individually matched to case subjects on age and race. Case subjects and
control
subjects were interviewed in person to collect information on known breast cancer risk factors as
well
as on HRT use. Information on 1897 postmenopausal case subjects and on 1637 postmenopausal
control subjects aged 55-72 years who had not undergone a simple hysterectomy was analyzed.
Breast
cancer risks associated with the various types of HRT were estimated as odds ratios (ORs) after
adjusting simultaneously for the different forms of HRT and for known risk factors of breast
cancer. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS: HRT was associated with a 10%
higher
breast cancer risk for each 5 years of use (OR5 = 1.10; 95% confidence
interval [CI] = 1.02-1.18). Risk was substantially higher for CHRT use (OR5 = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.07-1.45) than for ERT use (OR5
= 1.06; 95% CI = 0.97-1.15). Risk estimates were higher for SEPRT (OR5 = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.13-1.68) than for CCRT (OR5
=
1.09; 95% CI = 0.88-1.35), but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence that the addition of a progestin to HRT
enhances
markedly the risk of breast cancer relative to estrogen use alone. These findings have important
implications for the risk-benefit equation for HRT in women using CHRT.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. P. Lydon and D. P. Edwards Finally! A Model for Progesterone Receptor Action in Normal Human Breast Endocrinology, July 1, 2009; 150(7): 2988 - 2990. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Messina and A. H Wu Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1673S - 1679S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Benakanakere, C. Besch-Williford, M. R Ellersieck, and S. M Hyder Regression of progestin-accelerated 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats by p53 reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis: a pilot study Endocr. Relat. Cancer, March 1, 2009; 16(1): 85 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Arendt, T. L. Grafwallner-Huseth, and L. A. Schuler Prolactin-Growth Factor Crosstalk Reduces Mammary Estrogen Responsiveness Despite Elevated ER{alpha} Expression Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2009; 174(3): 1065 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Mahoney, T. Bevers, E. Linos, and W. C. Willett Opportunities and Strategies for Breast Cancer Prevention Through Risk Reduction CA Cancer J Clin, November 3, 2008; (2008) CA.2008.0016v1. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Brinton, D. Richesson, M. F. Leitzmann, G. L. Gierach, A. Schatzkin, T. Mouw, A. R. Hollenbeck, and J. V. Lacey Jr. Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2008; 17(11): 3150 - 3160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Newcomb, K. M. Egan, A. Trentham-Dietz, L. Titus-Ernstoff, J. A. Baron, J. M. Hampton, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Prediagnostic Use of Hormone Therapy and Mortality After Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2008; 17(4): 864 - 871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Liang, C. Besch-Williford, R. A. Brekken, and S. M. Hyder Progestin-Dependent Progression of Human Breast Tumor Xenografts: A Novel Model for Evaluating Antitumor Therapeutics Cancer Res., October 15, 2007; 67(20): 9929 - 9936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kerlikowske, D. L. Miglioretti, D. S. M. Buist, R. Walker, and P. A. Carney Declines in Invasive Breast Cancer and Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in a Screening Mammography Population J Natl Cancer Inst, September 5, 2007; 99(17): 1335 - 1339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Biglia, L. Mariani, L. Sgro, P. Mininanni, G. Moggio, and P. Sismondi Increased incidence of lobular breast cancer in women treated with hormone replacement therapy: implications for diagnosis, surgical and medical treatment Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2007; 14(3): 549 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Brinton and J. V. Lacey Jr. Hormones and Breast Cancer: What's the Story? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1697 - 1699. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. L. Tannen, M. G. Weiner, D. Xie, and K. Barnhart Estrogen affects post-menopausal women differently than estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2007; 22(6): 1769 - 1777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Shantakumar, M. B. Terry, A. Paykin, S. L. Teitelbaum, J. A. Britton, P. G. Moorman, S. B. Kritchevsky, A. I. Neugut, and M. D. Gammon Age and Menopausal Effects of Hormonal Birth Control and Hormone Replacement Therapy in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2007; 165(10): 1187 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Mai, J. Sullivan-Halley, G. Ursin, D. O. Stram, D. Deapen, D. Villaluna, P. L. Horn-Ross, C. A. Clarke, P. Reynolds, R. K. Ross, et al. Physical Activity and Colon Cancer Risk among Women in the California Teachers Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2007; 16(3): 517 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Zhang, J. E. Manson, K. M. Rexrode, N. R. Cook, J. E. Buring, and I-M. Lee Use of Oral Conjugated Estrogen Alone and Risk of Breast Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2007; 165(5): 524 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. S. Kumar, E. Cureton, V. Shim, T. Sakata, D. H. Moore, C. C. Benz, L. J. Esserman, and E. S. Hwang Type and Duration of Exogenous Hormone Use A3ects Breast Cancer Histology Ann. Surg. Oncol., February 1, 2007; 14(2): 695 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P. Warren Historical Perspectives in Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: Defining the Right Dose and Duration Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2007; 82(2): 219 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. Barlow, E. White, R. Ballard-Barbash, P. M. Vacek, L. Titus-Ernstoff, P. A. Carney, J. A. Tice, D. S. M. Buist, B. M. Geller, R. Rosenberg, et al. Prospective breast cancer risk prediction model for women undergoing screening mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst, September 6, 2006; 98(17): 1204 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S M Hyder Sex-steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2006; 13(3): 667 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. E. Martin, M. A. Helvie, C. Zhou, M. A. Roubidoux, J. E. Bailey, C. Paramagul, C. E. Blane, K. A. Klein, S. S. Sonnad, and H.-P. Chan Mammographic Density Measured with Quantitative Computer-aided Method: Comparison with Radiologists' Estimates and BI-RADS Categories Radiology, September 1, 2006; 240(3): 656 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Benakanakere, C. Besch-Williford, J. Schnell, S. Brandt, M. R. Ellersieck, A. Molinolo, and S. M. Hyder Natural and Synthetic Progestins Accelerate 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene-Initiated Mammary Tumors and Increase Angiogenesis in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2006; 12(13): 4062 - 4071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Boekhout, J. H. Beijnen, and J. H.M. Schellens Symptoms and treatment in cancer therapy-induced early menopause. Oncologist, June 1, 2006; 11(6): 641 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Stefanick, G. L. Anderson, K. L. Margolis, S. L. Hendrix, R. J. Rodabough, E. D. Paskett, D. S. Lane, F. A. Hubbell, A. R. Assaf, G. E. Sarto, et al. Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy JAMA, April 12, 2006; 295(14): 1647 - 1657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Rosenberg, J. R. Palmer, L. A. Wise, and L. L. Adams-Campbell A prospective study of female hormone use and breast cancer among black women. Arch Intern Med, April 10, 2006; 166(7): 760 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H. Gann, A. S. Geiger, I. B. Helenowski, E. F. Vonesh, and R. T. Chatterton Estrogen and Progesterone Levels in Nipple Aspirate Fluid of Healthy Premenopausal Women: Relationship to Steroid Precursors and Response Proteins Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2006; 15(1): 39 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gago-Dominguez, J. E. Castelao, M. C. Pike, A. Sevanian, and R. W. Haile Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Epidemiology and Prevention of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2005; 14(12): 2829 - 2839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. McPherson and R. Mant Dose and duration of hormone use: understanding the effects of combined menopausal hormones on breast cancer better, 1976-2004 J Epidemiol Community Health, December 1, 2005; 59(12): 1078 - 1079. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F Labrie, V Luu-The, A Belanger, S-X Lin, J Simard, G Pelletier, and C Labrie Is dehydroepiandrosterone a hormone? J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2005; 187(2): 169 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Greiser, E. M. Greiser, and M. Doren Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials Hum. Reprod. Update, November 1, 2005; 11(6): 561 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Collins, J. M. Blake, and P. G. Crosignani Breast cancer risk with postmenopausal hormonal treatment Hum. Reprod. Update, November 1, 2005; 11(6): 545 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Saitoh, M. Ohmichi, K. Takahashi, J. Kawagoe, T. Ohta, M. Doshida, T. Takahashi, H. Igarashi, A. Mori-Abe, B. Du, et al. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Induces Cell Proliferation through Up-Regulation of Cyclin D1 Expression via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Cascade in Human Breast Cancer Cells Endocrinology, November 1, 2005; 146(11): 4917 - 4925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Pinheiro, M. D. Holmes, M. N. Pollak, R. L. Barbieri, and S. E. Hankinson Racial Differences in Premenopausal Endogenous Hormones Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2005; 14(9): 2147 - 2153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Liang and S. M. Hyder Proliferation of Endothelial and Tumor Epithelial Cells by Progestin-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor from Human Breast Cancer Cells: Paracrine and Autocrine Effects Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3632 - 3641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Aupperlee, K. T. Smith, A. Kariagina, and S. Z. Haslam Progesterone Receptor Isoforms A and B: Temporal and Spatial Differences in Expression during Murine Mammary Gland Development Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3577 - 3588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Stahlberg, E. Lynge, Z. J. Andersen, N. Keiding, B. Ottesen, F. Rank, Y. A. Hundrup, E. B Obel, and A. T. Pedersen Breast cancer incidence, case-fatality and breast cancer mortality in Danish women using hormone replacement therapy--a prospective observational study Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2005; 34(4): 931 - 935. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S R Davis, I Dinatale, L Rivera-Woll, and S Davison Postmenopausal hormone therapy: from monkey glands to transdermal patches J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2005; 185(2): 207 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Tworoger, S. A. Missmer, R. L. Barbieri, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, and S. E. Hankinson Plasma Sex Hormone Concentrations and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer Among Women Using Postmenopausal Hormones J Natl Cancer Inst, April 20, 2005; 97(8): 595 - 602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Wu, S. Brandt, and S. M. Hyder Ligand- and Cell-Specific Effects of Signal Transduction Pathway Inhibitors on Progestin-Induced Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Human Breast Cancer Cells Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 19(2): 312 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Colditz Estrogen, Estrogen Plus Progestin Therapy, and Risk of Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 11(2): 909s - 917s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Dunn, D. L. Wickerham, and L. G. Ford Prevention of Hormone-Related Cancers: Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2005; 23(2): 357 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Pearce, J. N. Hirschhorn, A. H. Wu, N. P. Burtt, D. O. Stram, S. Young, L. N. Kolonel, B. E. Henderson, D. Altshuler, and M. C. Pike Clarifying the PROGINS Allele Association in Ovarian and Breast Cancer Risk: A Haplotype-Based Analysis J Natl Cancer Inst, January 5, 2005; 97(1): 51 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Ji, C. Aoyama, Y.-D. Nien, P. I. Liu, P. K. Chen, L. Chang, F. Z. Stanczyk, and A. Stolz Selective Loss of AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 in Breast Cancer and Their Potential Effect on Progesterone Signaling Cancer Res., October 15, 2004; 64(20): 7610 - 7617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Brubaker Effects of Estrogen-Only Treatment in Postmenopausal Women JAMA, August 11, 2004; 292(6): 686 - 686. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ursin, S. L. Palla, B. A. Reboussin, S. Slone, C. Wasilauskas, M. C. Pike, and G. A. Greendale Post-Treatment Change in Serum Estrone Predicts Mammographic Percent Density Changes in Women Who Received Combination Estrogen and Progestin in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial J. Clin. Oncol., July 15, 2004; 22(14): 2842 - 2848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. E. Wood, T. C. Register, M. S. Anthony, N. D. Kock, and J. M. Cline Breast and Uterine Effects of Soy Isoflavones and Conjugated Equine Estrogens in Postmenopausal Female Monkeys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3462 - 3468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
ESHRE Capri Workshop Group Hormones and breast cancer Hum. Reprod. Update, July 1, 2004; 10(4): 281 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Somboonporn and S. R. Davis Testosterone Effects on the Breast: Implications for Testosterone Therapy for Women Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 374 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, April 14, 2004; 291(14): 1701 - 1712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. M. Muggia The Emerging Roles of Screening and Prevention in Women's Cancer Oncologist, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 228 - 231. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wu, J. Richer, K. B. Horwitz, and S. M. Hyder Progestin-Dependent Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Breast Cancer Cells: Preferential Regulation by Progesterone Receptor B Cancer Res., March 15, 2004; 64(6): 2238 - 2244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antoine, F. Liebens, B. Carly, A. Pastijn, and S. Rozenberg Influence of HRT on prognostic factors for breast cancer: a systematic review after the Women's Health Initiative trial Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2004; 19(3): 741 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Feigelson, C. R. Jonas, L. R. Teras, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Weight Gain, Body Mass Index, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in a Large Prospective Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2004; 13(2): 220 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Schabath, X. Wu, R. Vassilopoulou-Sellin, A. A. Vaporciyan, and M. R. Spitz Hormone Replacement Therapy and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Analysis Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2004; 10(1): 113 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Harvey and V. E. Bovbjerg Quantitative Assessment of Mammographic Breast Density: Relationship with Breast Cancer Risk Radiology, January 1, 2004; 230(1): 29 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Bigsby, A. Caperell-Grant, N. Berry, K. Nephew, and D. Lubahn Estrogen Induces a Systemic Growth Factor Through an Estrogen Receptor-Alpha-Dependent Mechanism Biol Reprod, January 1, 2004; 70(1): 178 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kerlikowske, D. L. Miglioretti, R. Ballard-Barbash, D. L. Weaver, D. S.M. Buist, W. E. Barlow, G. Cutter, B. M. Geller, B. Yankaskas, S. H. Taplin, et al. Prognostic Characteristics of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Hormone Users in a Screened Population J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2003; 21(23): 4314 - 4321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Daling, K. E. Malone, D. R. Doody, L. F. Voigt, L. Bernstein, P. A. Marchbanks, R. J. Coates, S. A. Norman, L. K. Weiss, G. Ursin, et al. Association of Regimens of Hormone Replacement Therapy to Prognostic Factors among Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer Aged 50-64 Years Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2003; 12(11): 1175 - 1181. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Labrie, M. El-Alfy, L. Berger, C. Labrie, C. Martel, A. Belanger, B. Candas, and G. Pelletier The Combination of a Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator with an Estrogen Protects the Mammary Gland and Uterus in a Rodent Model: The Future of Postmenopausal Women's Health? Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 4700 - 4706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Gapstur, P. Lopez, L. A. Colangelo, J. Wolfman, L. Van Horn, and R. E. Hendrick Associations of Breast Cancer Risk Factors with Breast Density in Hispanic Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2003; 12(10): 1074 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-C. Hong, H. J. Thompson, C. Jiang, G. L. Hammond, D. Tritchler, M. Yaffe, and N. F. Boyd Val158Met Polymorphism in Catechol-O-methyltransferase Gene Associated with Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2003; 12(9): 838 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. De Vivo, S. E. Hankinson, G. A. Colditz, and D. J. Hunter A Functional Polymorphism in the Progesterone Receptor Gene Is Associated with an Increase in Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5236 - 5238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Amin, C. L. Kuhle, and L. A. Fitzpatrick Comprehensive Evaluation of the Older Woman Mayo Clin. Proc., September 1, 2003; 78(9): 1157 - 1185. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C. Scheid, M. T. Coleman, and R. M. Hamm Do Perceptions of Risk and Quality of Life Affect Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Postmenopausal Women? J Am Board Fam Med, July 1, 2003; 16(4): 270 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Chlebowski, S. L. Hendrix, R. D. Langer, M. L. Stefanick, M. Gass, D. Lane, R. J. Rodabough, M. A. Gilligan, M. G. Cyr, C. A. Thomson, et al. Influence of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Breast Cancer and Mammography in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial JAMA, June 25, 2003; 289(24): 3243 - 3253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. I. Li, K. E. Malone, P. L. Porter, N. S. Weiss, M.-T. C. Tang, K. L. Cushing-Haugen, and J. R. Daling Relationship Between Long Durations and Different Regimens of Hormone Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer JAMA, June 25, 2003; 289(24): 3254 - 3263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. H. Humphries and S. Gill Risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy: The evidence speaks Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 15, 2003; 168(8): 1001 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Labrie, V. Luu-The, C. Labrie, A. Belanger, J. Simard, S.-X. Lin, and G. Pelletier Endocrine and Intracrine Sources of Androgens in Women: Inhibition of Breast Cancer and Other Roles of Androgens and Their Precursor Dehydroepiandrosterone Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2003; 24(2): 152 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. K. Bhat, G. Calaf, T. K. Hei, T. Loya, and J. V. Vadgama Critical role of oxidative stress in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis PNAS, April 1, 2003; 100(7): 3913 - 3918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. Ahola, N. Alkio, T. Manninen, and T. Ylikomi Progestin and G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Inhibit Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Endocrinology, December 1, 2002; 143(12): 4620 - 4626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D G R Evans and F Lalloo Risk assessment and management of high risk familial breast cancer J. Med. Genet., December 1, 2002; 39(12): 865 - 871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Vachon, T. A. Sellers, R. A. Vierkant, F.-F. Wu, and K. R. Brandt Case-Control Study of Increased Mammographic Breast Density Response to Hormone Replacement Therapy Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2002; 11(11): 1382 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ismail, J. Li, F. J. DeMayo, B. W. O'Malley, and J. P. Lydon A Novel LacZ Reporter Mouse Reveals Complex Regulation of the Progesterone Receptor Promoter During Mammary Gland Development Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2002; 16(11): 2475 - 2489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Pike, L. N. Kolonel, B. E. Henderson, L. R. Wilkens, J. H. Hankin, H. S. Feigelson, P. C. Wan, D. O. Stram, and A. M. Y. Nomura Breast Cancer in a Multiethnic Cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: Risk Factor-adjusted Incidence in Japanese Equals and in Hawaiians Exceeds that in Whites Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 795 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Holmes, M. N. Pollak, and S. E. Hankinson Lifestyle Correlates of Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Concentrations Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 862 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. Ahola, T. Manninen, N. Alkio, and T. Ylikomi G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Is Critical for a Progestin-Induced Growth Inhibition in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Endocrinology, September 1, 2002; 143(9): 3376 - 3384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Chlebowski, N. Col, E. P. Winer, D. E. Collyar, S. R. Cummings, V. G. Vogel III, H. J. Burstein, A. Eisen, I. Lipkus, and D. G. Pfister American Society of Clinical Oncology Technology Assessment of Pharmacologic Interventions for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Including Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, and Aromatase Inhibition J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 2002; 20(15): 3328 - 3343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative In Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, July 17, 2002; 288(3): 321 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. W. Fletcher and G. A. Colditz Failure of Estrogen Plus Progestin Therapy for Prevention JAMA, July 17, 2002; 288(3): 366 - 368. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Newcomb, L. Titus-Ernstoff, K. M. Egan, A. Trentham-Dietz, J. A. Baron, B. E. Storer, W. C. Willett, and M. J. Stampfer Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Use in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2002; 11(7): 593 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Hyder The Role of Steroid Hormones on the Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factorm Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2002; 161(1): 345 - 346. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. I. Pritchard, H. Khan, and M. Levine Clinical practice guidelines for the care and treatment of breast cancer: 14. The role of hormone replacement therapy in women with a previous diagnosis of breast cancer Can. Med. Assoc. J., April 1, 2002; 166(8): 1017 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. C. Dolan, K. Freund, and J. Walsh Update in Women's Health Ann Intern Med, March 19, 2002; 136(6): 453 - 462. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-L. Chen, N. S. Weiss, P. Newcomb, W. Barlow, and E. White Hormone Replacement Therapy in Relation to Breast Cancer JAMA, February 13, 2002; 287(6): 734 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ursin, C.-C. Tseng, A. Paganini-Hill, S. Enger, P. C. Wan, S. Formenti, M. C. Pike, and R. K. Ross Does Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Interact With Known Factors to Increase Risk of Breast Cancer? J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2002; 20(3): 699 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J M Dixon Hormone replacement therapy and the breast BMJ, December 15, 2001; 323(7326): 1381 - 1382. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. T. Gram, G. Ursin, D. V. Spicer, and M. C. Pike Reversal of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonist Induced Reductions in Mammographic Densities on Stopping Treatment Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2001; 10(11): 1117 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Messina and C. L. Loprinzi Soy for Breast Cancer Survivors: A Critical Review of the Literature J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 3095S - 3108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A Wiseman, G. Jasienska, and I. Thune Lifestyle, progesterone, and risk of breast cancer BMJ, October 27, 2001; 323(7319): 1002 - 1002. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Grossman and C. H. MacLean Quality Indicators for the Management of Osteoporosis in Vulnerable Elders Ann Intern Med, October 16, 2001; 135(8_Part_2): 722 - 730. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K. C. Teo, H. K. Oh, R. B. Ali, and B. F. L. Li The Modified Human DNA Repair Enzyme O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Transcription upon Alkylation DNA Damage Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2001; 21(20): 7105 - 7114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. C. Jordan, S. Gapstur, and M. Morrow Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation and Reduction in Risk of Breast Cancer, Osteoporosis, and Coronary Heart Disease J Natl Cancer Inst, October 3, 2001; 93(19): 1449 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. I. Pritchard Hormone Replacement in Women with a History of Breast Cancer Oncologist, August 1, 2001; 6(4): 353 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|