© 2000 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 92, No. 3, 205-216,
February 2, 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
SPECIAL ARTICLE |
New Guidelines to Evaluate the Response to Treatment in Solid Tumors
Affiliations of authors: P. Therasse, J. Verweij, M. Van Glabbeke, A. T. van Oosterom, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium; S. G. Arbuck, R. S. Kaplan, L. Rubinstein, M. C. Christian, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; E. A. Eisenhauer, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group, Kingston, ON, Canada; J. Wanders, New Drug Development Office Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; S. G. Gwyther, East Surrey Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Redhill, U.K.
Correspondence to: Patrick Therasse, M.D., European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Data Center, Avenue Mounier 83/11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium (e-mail: pth{at}eortc.be).
Anticancer cytotoxic agents go through a process by which their antitumor activityon the basis of the amount of tumor shrinkage they could generatehas been investigated. In the late 1970s, the International Union Against Cancer and the World Health Organization introduced specific criteria for the codification of tumor response evaluation. In 1994, several organizations involved in clinical research combined forces to tackle the review of these criteria on the basis of the experience and knowledge acquired since then. After several years of intensive discussions, a new set of guidelines is ready that will supersede the former criteria. In parallel to this initiative, one of the participating groups developed a model by which response rates could be derived from unidimensional measurement of tumor lesions instead of the usual bidimensional approach. This new concept has been largely validated by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Group and integrated into the present guidelines. This special article also provides some philosophic background to clarify the various purposes of response evaluation. It proposes a model by which a combined assessment of all existing lesions, characterized by target lesions (to be measured) and nontarget lesions, is used to extrapolate an overall response to treatment. Methods of assessing tumor lesions are better codified, briefly within the guidelines and in more detail in Appendix I. All other aspects of response evaluation have been discussed, reviewed, and amended whenever appropriate.
Correspondence about this Article
- Re: New Guidelines to Evaluate the Response to Treatment in Solid Tumors [Ovarian Cancer]
- Ignace Vergote, Gordon J. S. Rustin, Elisabeth A. Eisenhauer, Gunnar B. Kristensen, Eric Pujade-Lauraine, Mahesh K. B. Parmar, Michael Friedlander, Anders Jakobsen, and Jan B. Vermorken
J Natl Cancer Inst 2000 92: 1534-1535.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
- Re: New Guidelines to Evaluate the Response to Treatment in Solid Tumors (Ovarian Cancer)
- Gordon J. S. Rustin, Michael Quinn, Tate Thigpen, Andreas du Bois, Eric Pujade-Lauraine, Anders Jakobsen, Elizabeth Eisenhauer, Satoru Sagae, Kathryn Greven, Ignace Vergote, Andres Cervantes, and Jan Vermorken
J Natl Cancer Inst 2004 96: 487-488.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. -L. Garm Spindler, N. Pallisgaard, A. A. Rasmussen, J. Lindebjerg, R. F. Andersen, D. Cruger, and A. Jakobsen The importance of KRAS mutations and EGF61A>G polymorphism to the effect of cetuximab and irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer Ann. Onc., May 1, 2009; 20(5): 879 - 884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. H. Lee, E. L. Rosen, and D. A. Mankoff The Role of Radiotracer Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Breast Cancer: Part 2--Response to Therapy, Other Indications, and Future Directions J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(5): 738 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. ITANI, K. HOSOKAWA, K. ITO, S. TAKEUCHI, T. TABATA, H. TSUBAMOTO, H. FUJITA, M. AKIYAMA, and S. ADACHI A Phase I/II Study of Docetaxel and Gemcitabine Combination for Chemotherapy-resistant Ovarian Cancer Anticancer Res, May 1, 2009; 29(5): 1521 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M.-S. VUORISTO, P. VIHINEN, T. SKYTTA, K. TYYNELA, and P. KELLOKUMPU-LEHTINEN Carboplatin and Vinorelbine Combined with Subcutaneous Interleukin-2 in Metastatic Melanoma with Poor Prognosis Anticancer Res, May 1, 2009; 29(5): 1755 - 1759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L.-F. de Geus-Oei, D. Vriens, H. W.M. van Laarhoven, W. T.A. van der Graaf, and W. J.G. Oyen Monitoring and Predicting Response to Therapy with 18F-FDG PET in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(Suppl_1): 43S - 54S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. L. Wahl, H. Jacene, Y. Kasamon, and M. A. Lodge From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(Suppl_1): 122S - 150S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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G. Liu, W. K. Kelly, G. Wilding, L. Leopold, K. Brill, and B. Somer An Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase I/II Study of Single-Agent AT-101 in Men with Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 15(9): 3172 - 3176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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W. A. Weber Assessing Tumor Response to Therapy J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(Suppl_1): 1S - 10S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Avril, S. Sassen, and R. Roylance Response to Therapy in Breast Cancer J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(Suppl_1): 55S - 63S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. P.S. Dunphy and J. S. Lewis Radiopharmaceuticals in Preclinical and Clinical Development for Monitoring of Therapy with PET J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(Suppl_1): 106S - 121S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. W. Kim, M.-H. Ryu, H. Lee, S. J. Sym, J.-L. Lee, H. M. Chang, Y. S. Park, K. H. Lee, W. K. Kang, D. B. Shin, et al. Kinase Mutations and Efficacy of Imatinib in Korean Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Oncologist, May 1, 2009; 14(5): 540 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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F. Grossi, M. Aita, C. Defferrari, F. Rosetti, A. Brianti, G. Fasola, O. Vinante, P. Pronzato, and G. Pappagallo Impact of Third-Generation Drugs on the Activity of First-Line Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analytical Approach Oncologist, May 1, 2009; 14(5): 497 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. R. Eckardt, D. L. Bentsion, O. N. Lipatov, I. S. Polyakov, F. R. MacKintosh, D. A. Karlin, G. S. Baker, and H. B. Breitz Phase II Study of Picoplatin As Second-Line Therapy for Patients With Small-Cell Lung Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., April 20, 2009; 27(12): 2046 - 2051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Tanvetyanon, T. Padhya, J. McCaffrey, W. Zhu, D. Boulware, R. DeConti, and A. Trotti Prognostic Factors for Survival After Salvage Reirradiation of Head and Neck Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., April 20, 2009; 27(12): 1983 - 1991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. R. Benz, J. Czernin, M. S. Allen-Auerbach, W. D. Tap, S. M. Dry, D. Elashoff, K. Chow, V. Evilevitch, J. J. Eckardt, M. E. Phelps, et al. FDG-PET/CT Imaging Predicts Histopathologic Treatment Responses after the Initial Cycle of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in High-Grade Soft-Tissue Sarcomas Clin. Cancer Res., April 15, 2009; 15(8): 2856 - 2863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. Kuang, A. Rogers, B. Y. Yeap, L. Wang, M. Makrigiorgos, K. Vetrand, S. Thiede, R. J. Distel, and P. A. Janne Noninvasive Detection of EGFR T790M in Gefitinib or Erlotinib Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., April 15, 2009; 15(8): 2630 - 2636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. A. Sparano, S. Moulder, A. Kazi, D. Coppola, A. Negassa, L. Vahdat, T. Li, C. Pellegrino, S. Fineberg, P. Munster, et al. Phase II Trial of Tipifarnib plus Neoadjuvant Doxorubicin-Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Clinical Stage IIB-IIIC Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., April 15, 2009; 15(8): 2942 - 2948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. A. Miller, D. J. Murry, K. Owzar, D. R. Hollis, E. B. Kennedy, G. Abou-Alfa, A. Desai, J. Hwang, M. A. Villalona-Calero, E. C. Dees, et al. Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Sorafenib in Patients With Hepatic or Renal Dysfunction: CALGB 60301 J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2009; 27(11): 1800 - 1805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Maurel, A. Lopez-Pousa, R. de las Penas, J. Fra, J. Martin, J. Cruz, A. Casado, A. Poveda, J. Martinez-Trufero, C. Balana, et al. Efficacy of Sequential High-Dose Doxorubicin and Ifosfamide Compared With Standard-Dose Doxorubicin in Patients With Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma: An Open-Label Randomized Phase II Study of the Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2009; 27(11): 1893 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. Adam, D. A. Wicherts, R. J. de Haas, O. Ciacio, F. Levi, B. Paule, M. Ducreux, D. Azoulay, H. Bismuth, and D. Castaing Patients With Initially Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: Is There a Possibility of Cure? J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2009; 27(11): 1829 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. S. W. Stewart, E. E.W. Cohen, L. Licitra, C. M.L. Van Herpen, C. Khorprasert, D. Soulieres, P. Vodvarka, D. Rischin, A. M. Garin, F. R. Hirsch, et al. Phase III Study of Gefitinib 250 Compared With Intravenous Methotrexate for Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2009; 27(11): 1864 - 1871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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G. Sartori, A. Cavazza, A. Sgambato, A. Marchioni, F. Barbieri, L. Longo, M. Bavieri, B. Murer, E. Meschiari, S. Tamberi, et al. EGFR and K-ras Mutations Along the Spectrum of Pulmonary Epithelial Tumors of the Lung and Elaboration of a Combined Clinicopathologic and Molecular Scoring System to Predict Clinical Responsiveness to EGFR Inhibitors Am J Clin Pathol, April 1, 2009; 131(4): 478 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. Tanaka, H. Kawamoto, I. Saito, K. Yoshimura, H. Fukuda, and Y. Iwamoto Preoperative and Postoperative Chemotherapy with Ifosfamide and Adriamycin for Adult High-grade Soft-tissue Sarcomas in the Extremities: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0304 Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2009; 39(4): 271 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Yamamoto, Y. Yamada, Y. Fujiwara, K. Yamada, Y. Fujisaka, T. Shimizu, and T. Tamura Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of HER2-targeted rhuMAb 2C4 (Pertuzumab, RO4368451) in Japanese Patients with Solid Tumors Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2009; 39(4): 260 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. T. Kloos, M. D. Ringel, M. V. Knopp, N. C. Hall, M. King, R. Stevens, J. Liang, P. E. Wakely Jr, V. V. Vasko, M. Saji, et al. Phase II Trial of Sorafenib in Metastatic Thyroid Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2009; 27(10): 1675 - 1684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. T. Lee, J. J. Kim, R. Dinniwell, J. Brierley, G. Lockwood, R. Wong, B. Cummings, J. Ringash, R. V. Tse, J. J. Knox, et al. Phase I Study of Individualized Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy of Liver Metastases J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2009; 27(10): 1585 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. A. Gavrielides, L. M. Kinnard, K. J. Myers, and N. Petrick Noncalcified Lung Nodules: Volumetric Assessment with Thoracic CT Radiology, April 1, 2009; 251(1): 26 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Li, P. J. Christos, J. A. Sparano, D. L. Hershman, S. Hoschander, K. O'Brien, J. J. Wright, and L. T. Vahdat Phase II trial of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib plus fulvestrant in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: New York Cancer Consortium Trial P6205 Ann. Onc., April 1, 2009; 20(4): 642 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y.-K. Kang, W.-K. Kang, D.-B. Shin, J. Chen, J. Xiong, J. Wang, M. Lichinitser, Z. Guan, R. Khasanov, L. Zheng, et al. Capecitabine/cisplatin versus 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin as first-line therapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomised phase III noninferiority trial Ann. Onc., April 1, 2009; 20(4): 666 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. R. Kim, S. Y. Rha, S. H. Cheon, J. K. Roh, Y. N. Park, and N. C. Yoo Clinical features and treatment outcomes of advanced stage primary hepatic angiosarcoma Ann. Onc., April 1, 2009; 20(4): 780 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. A. Lissoni, N. Colombo, A. Pellegrino, G. Parma, P. Zola, D. Katsaros, S. Chiari, A. Buda, F. Landoni, M. Peiretti, et al. A phase II, randomized trial of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy comparing a three-drug combination of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP) versus paclitaxel and cisplatin (TP) followed by radical surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell cervical carcinoma: the Snap-02 Italian Collaborative Study Ann. Onc., April 1, 2009; 20(4): 660 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. Falandry, P. A. Canney, G. Freyer, and L. Y. Dirix Role of combination therapy with aromatase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with metastatic breast cancer Ann. Onc., April 1, 2009; 20(4): 615 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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P. Munster, D. Marchion, E. Bicaku, M. Lacevic, J. Kim, B. Centeno, A. Daud, A. Neuger, S. Minton, and D. Sullivan Clinical and Biological Effects of Valproic Acid as a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor on Tumor and Surrogate Tissues: Phase I/II Trial of Valproic acid and Epirubicin/FEC Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2009; 15(7): 2488 - 2496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. I. Daud, J. Dawson, R. C. DeConti, E. Bicaku, D. Marchion, S. Bastien, F. A. Hausheer III, R. Lush, A. Neuger, D. M. Sullivan, et al. Potentiation of a Topoisomerase I Inhibitor, Karenitecin, by the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid in Melanoma: Translational and Phase I/II Clinical Trial Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2009; 15(7): 2479 - 2487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K.-K. Wong, P. M. Fracasso, R. M. Bukowski, T. J. Lynch, P. N. Munster, G. I. Shapiro, P. A. Janne, J. P. Eder, M. J. Naughton, M. J. Ellis, et al. A Phase I Study with Neratinib (HKI-272), an Irreversible Pan ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Solid Tumors Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2009; 15(7): 2552 - 2558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. J. Lee, A. Cho, B. C. Cho, M. Yun, S. K. Kim, J. Chang, J. W. Moon, I. K. Park, H. J. Choi, and J.-H. Kim High Tumor Metabolic Activity as Measured by Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Limited and Extensive Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2009; 15(7): 2426 - 2432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. B. Sandler, J. H. Schiller, R. Gray, I. Dimery, J. Brahmer, M. Samant, L. I. Wang, and D. H. Johnson Retrospective Evaluation of the Clinical and Radiographic Risk Factors Associated With Severe Pulmonary Hemorrhage in First-Line Advanced, Unresectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Plus Bevacizumab J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2009; 27(9): 1405 - 1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. G. Teneriello, P. C. Tseng, M. Crozier, C. Encarnacion, K. Hancock, M. J. Messing, K. A. Boehm, A. Williams, and L. Asmar Phase II Evaluation of Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in Platinum-Sensitive Patients With Recurrent Ovarian, Peritoneal, or Fallopian Tube Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2009; 27(9): 1426 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. R. Feldman, M. S. Baum, M. S. Ginsberg, H. Hassoun, C. D. Flombaum, S. Velasco, P. Fischer, E. Ronnen, N. Ishill, S. Patil, et al. Phase I Trial of Bevacizumab Plus Escalated Doses of Sunitinib in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2009; 27(9): 1432 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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P. D. Cole, C. L. Schwartz, R. A. Drachtman, P. A. de Alarcon, L. Chen, and T. M. Trippett Phase II Study of Weekly Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine for Children With Recurrent or Refractory Hodgkin's Disease: A Children's Oncology Group Report J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2009; 27(9): 1456 - 1461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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