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JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2000 92(15):1210-1216; doi:10.1093/jnci/92.15.1210
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Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 92, No. 15, 1210-1216, August 2, 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press


REVIEW

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Inducers of Differentiation or Apoptosis of Transformed Cells

Paul A. Marks, Victoria M. Richon, Richard A. Rifkind

Affiliations of authors: Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, and Sloan-Kettering Institute Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Joan and Sanford I. Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY.

Correspondence to: Paul A. Marks, M.D., Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021 (e-mail: paula_marks{at}mskcc.org).

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to be potent inducers of growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptotic cell death of transformed cells in vitro and in vivo. One class of HDAC inhibitors, hydroxamic acid-based hybrid polar compounds (HPCs), induce differentiation at micromolar or lower concentrations. Studies (x-ray crystallographic) showed that the catalytic site of HDAC has a tubular structure with a zinc atom at its base and that these HDAC inhibitors, such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and trichostatin A, fit into this structure with the hydroxamic moiety of the inhibitor binding to the zinc. HDAC inhibitors cause acetylated histones to accumulate in both tumor and normal tissues, and this accumulation can be used as a marker of the biologic activity of the HDAC inhibitors. Hydroxamic acid-based HPCs act selectively to inhibit tumor cell growth at levels that have little or no toxicity for normal cells. These compounds also act selectively on gene expression, altering the expression of only about 2% of the genes expressed in cultured tumor cells. In general, chromatin fractions enriched in actively transcribed genes are also enriched in highly acetylated core histones, whereas silent genes are associated with nucleosomes with a low level of acetylation. However, HDACs can also acetylate proteins other than histones in nucleosomes. The role that these other targets play in the induction of cell growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptotic cell death has not been determined. Our working hypothesis is that inhibition of HDAC activity leads to the modulation of expression of a specific set of genes that, in turn, result in growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptotic cell death. The hydroxamic acid-based HPCs are potentially effective agents for cancer therapy and, possibly, cancer chemoprevention.



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Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2006; 81(3): 1034 - 1042.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
R. W. Robey, Z. Zhan, R. L. Piekarz, G. L. Kayastha, T. Fojo, and S. E. Bates
Increased MDR1 Expression in Normal and Malignant Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Obtained from Patients Receiving Depsipeptide (FR901228, FK228, NSC630176)
Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2006; 12(5): 1547 - 1555.
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I. A. Kim, J. H. Shin, I. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. S. Kim, H. G. Wu, E. K. Chie, S. W. Ha, C. I. Park, and G. D. Kao
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Mediated Radiosensitization of Human Cancer Cells: Class Differences and the Potential Influence of p53
Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 940 - 949.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
S. E. Witta, R. M. Gemmill, F. R. Hirsch, C. D. Coldren, K. Hedman, L. Ravdel, B. Helfrich, R. Dziadziuszko, D. C. Chan, M. Sugita, et al.
Restoring E-Cadherin Expression Increases Sensitivity to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Lung Cancer Cell Lines
Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 66(2): 944 - 950.
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D. Z. Qian, Y. Kato, S. Shabbeer, Y. Wei, H. M.W. Verheul, B. Salumbides, T. Sanni, P. Atadja, and R. Pili
Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: the Hydroxamic Acid Derivative LBH589
Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 12(2): 634 - 642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
H. J. Kee, I. S. Sohn, K. I. Nam, J. E. Park, Y. R. Qian, Z. Yin, Y. Ahn, M. H. Jeong, Y.-J. Bang, N. Kim, et al.
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylation Blocks Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion and Aortic Banding
Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 51 - 59.
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Cancer Res.Home page
J. K. Earel Jr., R. L. VanOosten, and T. S. Griffith
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Modulate the Sensitivity of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Resistant Bladder Tumor Cells
Cancer Res., January 1, 2006; 66(1): 499 - 507.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
O. A. O'Connor, M. L. Heaney, L. Schwartz, S. Richardson, R. Willim, B. MacGregor-Cortelli, T. Curly, C. Moskowitz, C. Portlock, S. Horwitz, et al.
Clinical Experience With Intravenous and Oral Formulations of the Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid in Patients With Advanced Hematologic Malignancies
J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2006; 24(1): 166 - 173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
J.-H. Choi, K.-H. Nam, J. Kim, M. W. Baek, J.-E. Park, H.-Y. Park, H. J. Kwon, O.-S. Kwon, D.-Y. Kim, and G. T. Oh
Trichostatin A Exacerbates Atherosclerosis in Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2005; 25(11): 2404 - 2409.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
M. R. Acharya, A. Sparreboom, J. Venitz, and W. D. Figg
Rational Development of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: A Review
Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2005; 68(4): 917 - 932.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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O. A. O'Connor
Targeting Histones and Proteasomes: New Strategies for the Treatment of Lymphoma
J. Clin. Oncol., September 10, 2005; 23(26): 6429 - 6436.
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P. Bali, M. Pranpat, R. Swaby, W. Fiskus, H. Yamaguchi, M. Balasis, K. Rocha, H.-G. Wang, V. Richon, and K. Bhalla
Activity of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Against Human Breast Cancer Cells with Amplification of Her-2
Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2005; 11(17): 6382 - 6389.
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Cancer Res.Home page
M. V. Blagosklonny, S. Trostel, G. Kayastha, Z. N. Demidenko, L. T. Vassilev, L. Y. Romanova, S. Bates, and T. Fojo
Depletion of Mutant p53 and Cytotoxicity of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 65(16): 7386 - 7392.
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R. L. Bevins and S. G. Zimmer
It's About Time: Scheduling Alters Effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on Camptothecin-Treated Cells
Cancer Res., August 1, 2005; 65(15): 6957 - 6966.
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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
J. J. Xiao, Y. Huang, Z. Dai, W. Sadee, J. Chen, S. Liu, G. Marcucci, J. Byrd, J. M. Covey, J. Wright, et al.
Chemoresistance to Depsipeptide FK228 [(E)-(1S,4S,10S,21R)-7-[(Z)-Ethylidene]-4,21-diisopropyl-2-oxa-12,13-dithia-5,8,20,23-tetraazabicyclo[8,7,6]-tricos-16-ene-3,6,9,22-pentanone] Is Mediated by Reversible MDR1 Induction in Human Cancer Cell Lines
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2005; 314(1): 467 - 475.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
Q. C. Ryan, D. Headlee, M. Acharya, A. Sparreboom, J. B. Trepel, J. Ye, W. D. Figg, K. Hwang, E. J. Chung, A. Murgo, et al.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of MS-275, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced and Refractory Solid Tumors or Lymphoma
J. Clin. Oncol., June 10, 2005; 23(17): 3912 - 3922.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
K. N. Bhalla
Epigenetic and Chromatin Modifiers As Targeted Therapy of Hematologic Malignancies
J. Clin. Oncol., June 10, 2005; 23(17): 3971 - 3993.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CarcinogenesisHome page
B. L. Pool-Zobel, V. Selvaraju, J. Sauer, T. Kautenburger, J. Kiefer, K. K. Richter, M. Soom, and S. Wolfl
Butyrate may enhance toxicological defence in primary, adenoma and tumor human colon cells by favourably modulating expression of glutathione S-transferases genes, an approach in nutrigenomics
Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2005; 26(6): 1064 - 1076.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
T. Tran, A. Shatnawi, X. Zheng, K. M.M. Kelley, and M. Ratnam
Enhancement of Folate Receptor {alpha} Expression in Tumor Cells Through the Glucocorticoid Receptor: A Promising Means to Improved Tumor Detection and Targeting
Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 65(10): 4431 - 4441.
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C. S. Mitsiades, V. Poulaki, C. McMullan, J. Negri, G. Fanourakis, A. Goudopoulou, V. M. Richon, P. A. Marks, and N. Mitsiades
Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 11(10): 3958 - 3965.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. J. Xiao, A. B. Foraker, P. W. Swaan, S. Liu, Y. Huang, Z. Dai, J. Chen, W. Sadee, J. Byrd, G. Marcucci, et al.
Efflux of Depsipeptide FK228 (FR901228, NSC-630176) Is Mediated by P-Glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2005; 313(1): 268 - 276.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
K. A. Strait, C. T. Warnick, C. D. Ford, B. Dabbas, E. H. Hammond, and S. J. Ilstrup
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce G2-checkpoint arrest and apoptosis in cisplatinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells associated with overexpression of the Bcl-2-related protein Bad
Mol. Cancer Ther., April 1, 2005; 4(4): 603 - 611.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
C. Subramanian, A. W. Opipari Jr., X. Bian, V. P. Castle, and R. P. S. Kwok
Ku70 acetylation mediates neuroblastoma cell death induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors
PNAS, March 29, 2005; 102(13): 4842 - 4847.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
H. Duan, C. A. Heckman, and L. M. Boxer
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Down-Regulate bcl-2 Expression and Induce Apoptosis in t(14;18) Lymphomas
Mol. Cell. Biol., March 1, 2005; 25(5): 1608 - 1619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
F. J. Davis, J. B Pillai, M. Gupta, and M. P. Gupta
Concurrent opposite effects of trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, on expression of {alpha}-MHC and cardiac tubulins: implication for gain in cardiac muscle contractility
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1477 - H1490.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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L. De Felice, C. Tatarelli, M. G. Mascolo, C. Gregorj, F. Agostini, R. Fiorini, V. Gelmetti, S. Pascale, F. Padula, M. T. Petrucci, et al.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid Enhances the Cytokine-Induced Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Cancer Res., February 15, 2005; 65(4): 1505 - 1513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
M. G. Kemp, M. Ghosh, G. Liu, and M. Leffak
The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A alters the pattern of DNA replication origin activity in human cells
Nucleic Acids Res., January 13, 2005; 33(1): 325 - 336.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Nevels, C. Paulus, and T. Shenk
Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 protein facilitates viral replication by antagonizing histone deacetylation
PNAS, December 7, 2004; 101(49): 17234 - 17239.
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Cancer Res.Home page
L. C. Hsi, X. Xi, R. Lotan, I. Shureiqi, and S. M. Lippman
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Induces Apoptosis via Induction of 15-Lipoxygenase-1 in Colorectal Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 64(23): 8778 - 8781.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Drug Metab. Dispos.Home page
L. Sanderson, G. W. Taylor, E. O. Aboagye, J. P. Alao, J. R. Latigo, R. C. Coombes, and D. M. Vigushin
PLASMA PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM OF THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL ADMINISTRATION TO MICE
Drug Metab. Dispos., October 1, 2004; 32(10): 1132 - 1138.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
D. Z. Qian, X. Wang, S. K. Kachhap, Y. Kato, Y. Wei, L. Zhang, P. Atadja, and R. Pili
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor NVP-LAQ824 Inhibits Angiogenesis and Has a Greater Antitumor Effect in Combination with the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584
Cancer Res., September 15, 2004; 64(18): 6626 - 6634.
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C. M. Reilly, N. Mishra, J. M. Miller, D. Joshi, P. Ruiz, V. M. Richon, P. A. Marks, and G. S. Gilkeson
Modulation of Renal Disease in MRL/lpr Mice by Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid
J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 4171 - 4178.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J AndrolHome page
I. Fenic, V. Sonnack, K. Failing, M. Bergmann, and K. Steger
In Vivo Effects of Histone-Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin-A on Murine Spermatogenesis
J Androl, September 1, 2004; 25(5): 811 - 818.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. Kuendgen, C. Strupp, M. Aivado, A. Bernhardt, B. Hildebrandt, R. Haas, U. Germing, and N. Gattermann
Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with valproic acid alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid
Blood, September 1, 2004; 104(5): 1266 - 1269.
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Cancer Res.Home page
M. C. Myzak, P. A. Karplus, F.-L. Chung, and R. H. Dashwood
A Novel Mechanism of Chemoprotection by Sulforaphane: Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase
Cancer Res., August 15, 2004; 64(16): 5767 - 5774.
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J. Cell Sci.Home page
K. F. Toth, T. A. Knoch, M. Wachsmuth, M. Frank-Stohr, M. Stohr, C. P. Bacher, G. Muller, and K. Rippe
Trichostatin A-induced histone acetylation causes decondensation of interphase chromatin
J. Cell Sci., August 15, 2004; 117(18): 4277 - 4287.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
J. P. Klopper, W. R. Hays, V. Sharma, M. A. Baumbusch, J. M. Hershman, and B. R. Haugen
Retinoid X receptor-{gamma} and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} expression predicts thyroid carcinoma cell response to retinoid and thiazolidinedione treatment
Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2004; 3(8): 1011 - 1020.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Ammanamanchi and M. G. Brattain
Restoration of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling through Receptor RI Induction by Histone Deacetylase Activity Inhibition in Breast Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., July 30, 2004; 279(31): 32620 - 32625.
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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
X. Zhang, W. Wharton, Z. Yuan, S.-C. Tsai, N. Olashaw, and E. Seto
Activation of the Growth-Differentiation Factor 11 Gene by the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitor Trichostatin A and Repression by HDAC3
Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2004; 24(12): 5106 - 5118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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