© 1999 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 91, No. 8, 675-690,
April 21, 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
SPECIAL ARTICLE |
Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1996, With a Special Section on Lung Cancer and Tobacco Smoking
Affiliations of authors: P. A. Wingo, M. J. Thun, Epidemiology and Surveillance Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA; L. A. G. Ries, D. R. Shopland, B. K. Edwards, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; G. A. Giovino (Office on Smoking and Health), D. S. Miller (Division of Cancer Prevention and Control), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; H. M. Rosenberg, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
Correspondence to: Phyllis A. Wingo, Ph.D., American Cancer Society, 1599 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251 (e-mail: pwingo{at}cancer.org).
BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), provide the second annual report to the nation on progress in cancer prevention and control, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. METHODS: Age-adjusted rates (using the 1970 U.S. standard population) were based on cancer incidence data from NCI and underlying cause of death data compiled by NCHS. The prevalence of tobacco use was derived from CDC surveys. Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS: From 1990 through 1996, cancer incidence (-0.9% per year; P = .16) and cancer death (-0.6% per year; P = .001) rates for all sites combined decreased. Among the 10 leading cancer incidence sites, statistically significant decreases in incidence rates were seen in males for leukemia and cancers of the lung, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, and oral cavity and pharynx. Except for lung cancer, incidence rates for these cancers also declined in females. Among the 10 leading cancer mortality sites, statistically significant decreases in cancer death rates were seen for cancers of the male lung, female breast, the prostate, male pancreas, and male brain and, for both sexes, cancers of the colon/rectum and stomach. Age-specific analyses of lung cancer revealed that rates in males first declined at younger ages and then for each older age group successively over time; rates in females appeared to be in the early stages of following the same pattern, with rates decreasing for women aged 40-59 years. CONCLUSIONS: The declines in cancer incidence and death rates, particularly for lung cancer, are encouraging. However, unless recent upward trends in smoking among adolescents can be reversed, the lung cancer rates that are currently declining in the United States may rise again.
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P. A. Ganz, K. A. Desmond, B. Leedham, J. H. Rowland, B. E. Meyerowitz, and T. R. Belin Quality of Life in Long-Term, Disease-Free Survivors of Breast Cancer: a Follow-up Study J Natl Cancer Inst, January 2, 2002; 94(1): 39 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Arnold, B. A. Lessey, M. Seppala, and D. G. Kaufman Effect of Normal Endometrial Stroma on Growth and Differentiation in Ishikawa Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 2002; 62(1): 79 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. R. Stuart, J. G. de Boer, R. Haesevoets, J. Holcroft, J. Kangas, K. Sojonky, E. Thorleifson, A. Thornton, D. F. Walsh, H. Yang, et al. Mutations induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in cecum and proximal and distal colon of lacI transgenic rats Mutagenesis, September 1, 2001; 16(5): 431 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Ganz and G. A. Greendale Menopause and Breast Cancer: Addressing the Secondary Health Effects of Adjuvant Chemotherapy J. Clin. Oncol., July 15, 2001; 19(14): 3303 - 3305. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Hemminki, X. Li, and C. Dong Second Primary Cancers after Sporadic and Familial Colorectal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2001; 10(7): 793 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. T. Canto, T. F. Drury, and A. M. Horowitz Maryland Dentists' Knowledge of Oral Cancer Risk Factors and Diagnostic Procedures Health Promot Pract, July 1, 2001; 2(3): 255 - 262. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. M. Gadgeel, R. K. Severson, Y. Kau, J. Graff, L. K. Weiss, and G. P. Kalemkerian Impact of Race in Lung Cancer : Analysis of Temporal Trends From a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database Chest, July 1, 2001; 120(1): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. L. Howe, P. A. Wingo, M. J. Thun, L. A. G. Ries, H. M. Rosenberg, E. G. Feigal, and B. K. Edwards Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer (1973 Through 1998), Featuring Cancers With Recent Increasing Trends J Natl Cancer Inst, June 6, 2001; 93(11): 824 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. H. Vahakangas, W. P. Bennett, K. Castren, J. A. Welsh, M. A. Khan, B. Blomeke, M. C. R. Alavanja, and C. C. Harris p53 and K-ras Mutations in Lung Cancers from Former and Never-Smoking Women Cancer Res., June 1, 2001; 61(11): 4350 - 4356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Stewart, K. MacIntyre, D. J. Hole, S. Capewell, and J. J.V. McMurray More 'malignant' than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2001; 3(3): 315 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Ganz and M. S. Litwin Prostate Cancer: The Price of Early Detection J. Clin. Oncol., March 15, 2001; 19(6): 1587 - 1588. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Hainaut and G. P. Pfeifer Patterns of p53 G{->}T transversions in lung cancers reflect the primary mutagenic signature of DNA-damage by tobacco smoke Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2001; 22(3): 367 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Graff, F. Castrop, M. Bauer, H. Höfler, and M. Gratzl Expression of Vesicular Monoamine Transporters, Synaptosomal-associated Protein 25 and Syntaxin1: A Signature of Human Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 61(5): 2138 - 2144. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Jemal, K. C. Chu, and R. E. Tarone Recent Trends in Lung Cancer Mortality in the United States J Natl Cancer Inst, February 21, 2001; 93(4): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Gerber, A. Krause, H. Muller, D. Richter, T. Reimer, J. Makovitzky, C. Herrnring, U. Jeschke, G. Kundt, and K. Friese Simultaneous Immunohistochemical Detection of Tumor Cells in Lymph Nodes and Bone Marrow Aspirates in Breast Cancer and Its Correlation With Other Prognostic Factors J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2001; 19(4): 960 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. TOMATIS, R. L. MELNICK, J. HASEMAN, J. C. BARRETT, and J. HUFF Alleged misconceptions' distort perceptions of environmental cancer risks FASEB J, January 1, 2001; 15(1): 195 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. T. Greenlee, M. B. Hill-Harmon, T. Murray, and M. Thun Cancer Statistics, 2001 CA Cancer J Clin, January 1, 2001; 51(1): 15 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. H. Hansen, M. M. P. Zegers, M. Woodrow, P. Rodriguez-Viciana, P. Chardin, K. E. Mostov, and M. McMahon Induced Expression of Rnd3 Is Associated with Transformation of Polarized Epithelial Cells by the Raf-MEK-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2000; 20(24): 9364 - 9375. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 B. Guyer, M. A. Freedman, D. M. Strobino, and E. J. Sondik Annual Summary of Vital Statistics: Trends in the Health of Americans During the 20th Century Pediatrics, December 1, 2000; 106(6): 1307 - 1317. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. T. G. Chang, M. Steenbeek, E. Schippers, L. J. Blok, W. M. van Weerden, D. C. J. G. van Alewijk, B. H. J. Eussen, G. J. van Steenbrugge, and A. O. Brinkmann Characterization of a Zinc-Finger Protein and Its Association With Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, September 6, 2000; 92(17): 1414 - 1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, and P. A. Wingo Epidemiological Research at the American Cancer Society Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2000; 9(9): 861 - 868. [Full Text]
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 J. Miyagi, K. Tsuhako, T. Kinjo, T. Iwamasa, and T. Hirayasu Recent striking changes in histological differentiation and rate of human papillomavirus infection in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in Okinawa, a subtropical island in southern Japan J. Clin. Pathol., September 1, 2000; 53(9): 676 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yatabe, H. Konishi, T. Mitsudomi, S. Nakamura, and T. Takahashi Topographical Distributions of Allelic Loss in Individual Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2000; 157(3): 985 - 993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Wang, M. Marko, A. R. Dahl, K. S. Engelke, M. E. Placke, A. R. Imondi, J. L. Mulshine, and L. M. De Luca Topical Delivery of 13-cis-Retinoic Acid by Inhalation Up-Regulates Expression of Rodent Lung but not Liver Retinoic Acid Receptors Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2000; 6(9): 3636 - 3645. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. A. Ganz, G. A. Greendale, L. Petersen, L. Zibecchi, B. Kahn, and T. R. Belin Managing Menopausal Symptoms in Breast Cancer Survivors: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial J Natl Cancer Inst, July 5, 2000; 92(13): 1054 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Sivaramakrishna, N. A. Obuchowski, W. A. Chilcote, G. Cardenosa, and K. A. Powell Comparing the Performance of Mammographic Enhancement Algorithms: A Preference Study Am. J. Roentgenol., July 1, 2000; 175(1): 45 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. C. Bosland Chapter 2: The Role of Steroid Hormones in Prostate Carcinogenesis J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, July 1, 2000; 2000(27): 39 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. McKean-Cowdin, H. S. Feigelson, R. K. Ross, M. C. Pike, and B. E. Henderson Declining Cancer Rates in the 1990s J. Clin. Oncol., June 11, 2000; 18(11): 2258 - 2268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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