© 1999 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 91, No. 4, 368-373,
February 17, 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
REPORTS |
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Axillary Dissection in Breast Cancer: Results in a Large Series
Affiliations of authors: U. Veronesi, V. Galimberti, A. Luini, S. Zurrida, V. Sacchini, P. Veronesi, M. Intra (Senology Division), G. Pagnelli, C. De Cicco (Nuclear Medicine Division), G. Viale, E. Orvieto (Pathology Division), C. Robertson (Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division), G. Tosi (Medical Physics Division), D. Scarpa (Anesthesiology Division), Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy.
Correspondence to: Umberto Veronesi, M.D., Senology Division,Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (e-mail: DirScien{at}ieo.cilea.it).
BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node dissection is an established component of the surgical treatment of breast cancer, and is an important procedure in cancer staging; however, it is associated with unpleasant side effects. We have investigated a radioactive tracer-guided procedure that facilitates identification, removal, and pathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node (i.e., the lymph node first receiving lymphatic fluid from the area of the breast containing the tumor) to predict the status of the axilla and to assess the safety of foregoing axillary dissection if the sentinel lymph node shows no involvement. METHODS: We injected 5-10 MBq of 99mTc-labeled colloidal particles of human albumin peritumorally in 376 consecutive patients with breast cancer who were enrolled at the European Institute of Oncology during the period from March 1996 through March 1998. The sentinel lymph node in each case was visualized by lymphoscintigraphy, and its general location was marked on the overlying skin. During breast surgery, the sentinel lymph node was identified for removal by monitoring the acoustic signal from a hand-held gamma ray-detecting probe. Total axillary dissection was then carried out. The pathologic status of the sentinel lymph node was compared with that of the whole axilla. RESULTS: The sentinel lymph node was identified in 371 (98.7%) of the 376 patients and accurately predicted the state of the axilla in 359 (95.5%) of the patients, with 12 false-negative findings (6.7%; 95% confidence interval = 3.5%-11.4%) among a total of 180 patients with positive axillary lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy using a gamma ray-detecting probe allows staging of the axilla with high accuracy in patients with primary breast cancer. A randomized trial is necessary to determine whether axillary dissection may be avoided in those patients with an uninvolved sentinel lymph node.
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G. Mariani, L. Moresco, G. Viale, G. Villa, M. Bagnasco, G. Canavese, J. Buscombe, H. W. Strauss, and G. Paganelli Radioguided Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Surgery J. Nucl. Med., August 1, 2001; 42(8): 1198 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. A. Mincey, T. Bammer, E. J. Atkinson, and E. A. Perez Role of Axillary Node Dissection in Patients With T1a and T1b Breast Cancer: Mayo Clinic Experience Arch Surg, July 1, 2001; 136(7): 779 - 782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H Torrenga, F D Rahusen, S Meijer, P J Borgstein, and P J van Diest Sentinel node investigation in breast cancer: detailed analysis of the yield from step sectioning and immunohistochemistry J. Clin. Pathol., July 1, 2001; 54(7): 550 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. L. Birdwell, K. L. Smith, B. J. Betts, D. M. Ikeda, H. W. Strauss, and S. S. Jeffrey Breast Cancer: Variables Affecting Sentinel Lymph Node Visualization at Preoperative Lymphoscintigraphy Radiology, July 1, 2001; 220(1): 47 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. Wong, M. J. Edwards, C. Chao, T. M. Tuttle, R. D. Noyes, C. Woo, P. B. Cerrito, K. M. McMasters, and for the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Sen Predicting the Status of the Nonsentinel Axillary Nodes: A Multicenter Study Arch Surg, May 1, 2001; 136(5): 563 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Greco, F. Crippa, R. Agresti, E. Seregni, A. Gerali, R. Giovanazzi, A. Micheli, S. Asero, C. Ferraris, M. Gennaro, et al. Axillary Lymph Node Staging in Breast Cancer by 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-Positron Emission Tomography: Clinical Evaluation and Alternative Management J Natl Cancer Inst, April 18, 2001; 93(8): 630 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Weiser, L. L. Montgomery, L. K. Tan, B. Susnik, D. Y. H. Leung, P. I. Borgen, and H. S. Cody III Lymphovascular Invasion Enhances the Prediction of Non-Sentinel Node Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients With Positive Sentinel Nodes Ann. Surg. Oncol., March 1, 2001; 8(2): 145 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. L. Tuthill, H. E. Reynolds, and R. J. Goulet Jr. Biopsy of Sentinel Lymph Nodes Guided by Lymphoscintigraphic Mapping in Patients with Breast Cancer Am. J. Roentgenol., February 1, 2001; 176(2): 407 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Grube and A. E. Giuliano Modification of the Sentinel Node Technique: It Was a Hit in New York, But Will It Play in Poughkeepsie? Ann. Surg. Oncol., January 1, 2001; 8(1): 3 - 6. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. S. Cody III, J. Fey, T. Akhurst, M. Fazzari, M. Mazumdar, H. Yeung, S. D.J. Yeh, and P. I. Borgen Complementarity of Blue Dye and Isotope in Sentinel Node Localization for Breast Cancer: Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of 966 Procedures Ann. Surg. Oncol., January 1, 2001; 8(1): 13 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K. Boolbol, J. V. Fey, P. I. Borgen, A. S. Heerdt, L. L. Montgomery, M. Paglia, J. A. Petrek, H. S. Cody III, and K. J. Van Zee Intradermal Isotope Injection: A Highly Accurate Method of Lymphatic Mapping in Breast Carcinoma Ann. Surg. Oncol., January 1, 2001; 8(1): 20 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G Cserni Axillary staging of breast cancer and the sentinel node J. Clin. Pathol., October 1, 2000; 53(10): 733 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Giuliano, P. I. Haigh, M. B. Brennan, N. M. Hansen, M. C. Kelley, W. Ye, E. C. Glass, and R. R. Turner Prospective Observational Study of Sentinel Lymphadenectomy Without Further Axillary Dissection in Patients With Sentinel Node-Negative Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2000; 18(13): 2553 - 2559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. McMasters, T. M. Tuttle, D. J. Carlson, C. M. Brown, R. D. Noyes, R. L. Glaser, D. J. Vennekotter, P. S. Turk, P. S. Tate, A. Sardi, et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer: A Suitable Alternative to Routine Axillary Dissection in Multi-Institutional Practice When Optimal Technique Is Used J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2000; 18(13): 2560 - 2566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Cserni, M. Rajtar, and G. Boross Blue Nodes Left Behind After Vital Blue Dye-guided Axillary Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Patients Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., June 1, 2000; 30(6): 263 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Krag Current Status of Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery for Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, February 17, 1999; 91(4): 302 - 303. [Full Text] [PDF]
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