© 1999 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 91, No. 4, 317-331,
February 17, 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
REVIEW |
Tomatoes, Tomato-Based Products, Lycopene, and Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature
Affiliations of author: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Correspondence to: Edward Giovannucci, M.D., Sc.D., Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: edward.giovannucci{at}channing.harvard.edu).
The epidemiologic literature in the English language regarding intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and blood lycopene (a compound derived predominantly from tomatoes) level in relation to the risk of various cancers was reviewed. Among 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and cervix. Because the data are from observational studies, a cause-effect relationship cannot be established definitively. However, the consistency of the results across numerous studies in diverse populations, for case-control and prospective studies, and for dietary-based and blood-based investigations argues against bias or confounding as the explanation for these findings. Lycopene may account for or contribute to these benefits, but this possibility is not yet proven and requires further study. Numerous other potentially beneficial compounds are present in tomatoes, and, conceivably, complex interactions among multiple components may contribute to the anticancer properties of tomatoes. The consistently lower risk of cancer for a variety of anatomic sites that is associated with higher consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products adds further support for current dietary recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.
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D. S Michaud, D. Feskanich, E. B Rimm, G. A Colditz, F. E Speizer, W. C Willett, and E. Giovannucci Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2000; 72(4): 990 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Rao and S. Agarwal Role of Antioxidant Lycopene in Cancer and Heart Disease J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2000; 19(5): 563 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Fawzi, M G. Herrera, and P. Nestel Tomato Intake in Relation to Mortality and Morbidity among Sudanese Children J. Nutr., October 1, 2000; 130(10): 2537 - 2542. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. Ronen, L. Carmel-Goren, D. Zamir, and J. Hirschberg An alternative pathway to beta -carotene formation in plant chromoplasts discovered by map-based cloning of Beta and old-gold color mutations in tomato PNAS, September 19, 2000; (2000) 190177497. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 S. Agarwal and A. V. Rao Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases Can. Med. Assoc. J., September 1, 2000; 163(6): 739 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Watzl, A. Bub, M. Blockhaus, B. M. Herbert, P. M. Lührmann, M. Neuhäuser-Berthold, and G. Rechkemmer Prolonged Tomato Juice Consumption Has No Effect on Cell-Mediated Immunity of Well-Nourished Elderly Men and Women J. Nutr., July 1, 2000; 130(7): 1719 - 1723. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Narisawa, Y. Fukaura, M. Hasebe, S. Nomura, S. Oshima, and T. Inakuma Prevention of N-Methylnitrosourea-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats by Oxygenated Carotenoid Capsanthin and Capsanthin-Rich Paprika Juice Experimental Biology and Medicine, June 1, 2000; 224(2): 116 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. J. Wargovich, A. Jimenez, K. McKee, V. E. Steele, M. Velasco, J. Woods, R. Price, K. Gray, and G. J. Kelloff Efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents on rat colon aberrant crypt formation and progression Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2000; 21(6): 1149 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. W. M. Boileau, S. K. Clinton, and J. W. Erdman Jr. Tissue Lycopene Concentrations and Isomer Patterns Are Affected by Androgen Status and Dietary Lycopene Concentration in Male F344 Rats J. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 130(6): 1613 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. L. A. Ferreira, K.-J. Yeum, C. Liu, D. Smith, N. I. Krinsky, X.-D. Wang, and R. M. Russell Tissue Distribution of Lycopene in Ferrets and Rats after Lycopene Supplementation J. Nutr., May 1, 2000; 130(5): 1256 - 1260. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. H. Cohen, A. R. Kristal, and J. L. Stanford Fruit and Vegetable Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, January 5, 2000; 92(1): 61 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. S. Zackheim Re: Tomatoes, Tomato-based Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature J Natl Cancer Inst, August 4, 1999; 91(15): 1331 - 1331. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Ronen, L. Carmel-Goren, D. Zamir, and J. Hirschberg An alternative pathway to beta -carotene formation in plant chromoplasts discovered by map-based cloning of Beta and old-gold color mutations in tomato PNAS, September 26, 2000; 97(20): 11102 - 11107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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