© 1999 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 91, No. 21, 1829-1846,
November 3, 1999
© 1999 Oxford University Press
SPECIAL ARTICLE |
Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Tamoxifen Treatment for Preventing Breast Cancer
Affiliations of authors: M. H. Gail (Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics), R. Croyle (Division of Cancer Control and Population Science), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; J. P. Costantino, J. Bryant, University of Pittsburgh, PA; L. Freedman, Bar Illan University, Ramat Gan, Israel; K. Helzlsouer, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD; V. Vogel, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute/Magee Women's Hospital.
Correspondence to: Mitchell H. Gail, M.D., Ph.D., National Cancer Institute, EPS-8032, Rockville, MD 20892 (gailm{at}exchange.nih.gov).
BACKGROUND: In response to findings from the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial that tamoxifen treatment produced a 49% reduction in the risk of invasive breast cancer in a population of women at elevated risk, the National Cancer Institute sponsored a workshop on July 7 and 8, 1998, to develop information to assist in counseling and in weighing the risks and benefits of tamoxifen. Our study was undertaken to develop tools to identify women for whom the benefits outweigh the risks. METHODS: Information was reviewed on the incidence of invasive breast cancer and of in situ lesions, as well as on several other health outcomes, in the absence of tamoxifen treatment. Data on the effects of tamoxifen on these outcomes were also reviewed, and methods were developed to compare the risks and benefits of tamoxifen. RESULTS: The risks and benefits of tamoxifen depend on age and race, as well as on a woman's specific risk factors for breast cancer. In particular, the absolute risks from tamoxifen of endometrial cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis increase with age, and these absolute risks differ between white and black women, as does the protective effect of tamoxifen on fractures. Tables and aids are developed to describe the risks and benefits of tamoxifen and to identify classes of women for whom the benefits outweigh the risks. CONCLUSIONS: Tamoxifen is most beneficial for younger women with an elevated risk of breast cancer. The quantitative analyses presented can assist health care providers and women in weighing the risks and benefits of tamoxifen for reducing breast cancer risk.
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T. Ernst, L. Chang, D. Cooray, C. Salvador, J. Jovicich, I. Walot, K. Boone, and R. Chlebowski The Effects of Tamoxifen and Estrogen on Brain Metabolism in Elderly Women J Natl Cancer Inst, April 17, 2002; 94(8): 592 - 597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. R. Love Breast Cancer Prevention Oncologist, April 1, 2002; 7(2): 100 - 102. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. G. Vogel Prevention in the Balance Oncologist, April 1, 2002; 7(2): 103 - 105. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Jover, H. Tanaka, A. Calderone, K. Oguro, M. V. L. Bennett, A. M. Etgen, and R. S. Zukin Estrogen Protects against Global Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death and Prevents Activation of Apoptotic Signaling Cascades in the Hippocampal CA1 J. Neurosci., March 15, 2002; 22(6): 2115 - 2124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. L. Shavers and M. L. Brown Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Receipt of Cancer Treatment J Natl Cancer Inst, March 6, 2002; 94(5): 334 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Vainio The need for preventive drugs and vaccines in global cancer control: a challenge for public health and for industry Toxicology and Industrial Health, March 1, 2002; 18(2): 84 - 90. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. J. Powles Breast Cancer Prevention Oncologist, February 1, 2002; 7(1): 60 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Hershman, V. Sundararajan, J. S. Jacobson, D. F. Heitjan, A. I. Neugut, and V. R. Grann Outcomes of Tamoxifen Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer in Very High-Risk Women: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2002; 20(1): 9 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Fabian and B. F. Kimler Breast Cancer Risk Prediction: Should Nipple Aspiration Fluid Cytology Be Incorporated Into Clinical Practice? J Natl Cancer Inst, December 5, 2001; 93(23): 1762 - 1763. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 National Institutes of Health Consensus Developmen National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer, November 1-3, 2000 J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, December 1, 2001; 2001(30): 5 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Ganz Impact of Tamoxifen Adjuvant Therapy on Symptoms, Functioning, and Quality of Life J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, December 1, 2001; 2001(30): 130 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. H. Partridge, H. J. Burstein, and E. P. Winer Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Combined Chemohormonal Therapy in Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, December 1, 2001; 2001(30): 135 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-C. King, S. Wieand, K. Hale, M. Lee, T. Walsh, K. Owens, J. Tait, L. Ford, B. K. Dunn, J. Costantino, et al. Tamoxifen and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Women With Inherited Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial JAMA, November 14, 2001; 286(18): 2251 - 2256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Reynolds Disease Prediction Models Aim To Guide Medical Decision Making Ann Intern Med, October 16, 2001; 135(8_Part_1): 637 - 640. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. C. Jordan, S. Gapstur, and M. Morrow Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation and Reduction in Risk of Breast Cancer, Osteoporosis, and Coronary Heart Disease J Natl Cancer Inst, October 3, 2001; 93(19): 1449 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Stefanek, L. Hartmann, and W. Nelson Risk-Reduction Mastectomy: Clinical Issues and Research Needs J Natl Cancer Inst, September 5, 2001; 93(17): 1297 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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