© 1998 by Oxford University Press
Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, Vol 90, 1774-1786, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
HA Risch
In the United States, ovarian cancer is the fourth most frequent cause of
cancer death among women, following lung, breast, and colorectal cancers.
Each year, approximately 26,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer and
14,000 die of it. Germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, or other genes have
been implicated in a small fraction of cases. However, it has been
suggested that, for the great majority of patients, the risk of epithelial
ovarian cancer could be related to "incessant ovulation" (i.e., to the
chronically repeated formation of stromal epithelial clefts and inclusion
cysts following ovulation) or to some type of hormonal stimulation of
ovarian epithelial cells, either on the surface of the ovary or within
ovarian inclusion cysts, possibly mediated through excessive gonadotropin
secretion. From the evidence to date, the relative importance of these two
hypotheses-- incessant ovulation and gonadotropin stimulation--cannot be
distinguished. While either or both may play a role in the development of
ovarian cancer, it appears that an additional major factor must also be
involved. The purpose of this review is to evaluate evidence for and
against the incessant ovulation and gonadotropin hypotheses, as well as to
consider the possibility that risk of ovarian cancer may be increased by
factors associated with excess androgenic stimulation of ovarian epithelial
cells and may be decreased by factors related to greater progesterone
stimulation. Many features of the evidence bearing on the pathophysiology
of ovarian cancer appear to support a connection with androgens and
progesterone.
REVIEWS
Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  E. R. Bertone-Johnson, S. S. Tworoger, and S. E. Hankinson Recreational Physical Activity and Steroid Hormone Levels in Postmenopausal Women Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2009; 170(9): 1095 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Ludwig, M. Murawska, G. Panek, A. Timorek, and J. Kupryjanczyk Androgen, progesterone, and FSH receptor polymorphisms in ovarian cancer risk and outcome Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2009; 16(3): 1005 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. KOSTNER, N. DENZER, C. S.L. MULLER, R. KLEIN, W. TILGEN, and J. REICHRATH The Relevance of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms for Cancer: A Review of the Literature Anticancer Res, September 1, 2009; 29(9): 3511 - 3536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Jordan, A. C. Green, C. M. Nagle, C. M. Olsen, D. C. Whiteman, P. M. Webb, and for the Australian Cancer Study (Ovarian Cancer) a Beyond Parity: Association of Ovarian Cancer With Length of Gestation and Offspring Characteristics Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2009; 170(5): 607 - 614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Robbins, M. K. Whiteman, S. D. Hillis, K. M. Curtis, J. A. McDonald, P. A. Wingo, A. Kulkarni, and P. A. Marchbanks Influence of Reproductive Factors on Mortality after Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2009; 18(7): 2035 - 2041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Tiwari-Pandey and M. Ram Sairam Modulation of Ovarian Structure and Abdominal Obesity in Curcumin- and Flutamide-treated Aging FSH-R Haploinsufficient Mice Reproductive Sciences, June 1, 2009; 16(6): 539 - 550. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Papacleovoulou, K. Hogg, K. S. Fegan, H. O.D. Critchley, S. G. Hillier, and J. I. Mason Regulation of 3{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 gene expression and function in the human ovarian surface epithelium by cytokines Mol. Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2009; 15(6): 379 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Hecht, J. Kotsopoulos, S. E. Hankinson, and S. S. Tworoger Relationship between Epidemiologic Risk Factors and Hormone Receptor Expression in Ovarian Cancer: Results from the Nurses' Health Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2009; 18(5): 1624 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Johnson The Standard of Perfection: Thoughts about the Laying Hen Model of Ovarian Cancer Cancer Prevention Research, February 1, 2009; 2(2): 97 - 99. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T Goodman, G. Lurie, P. J Thompson, K. E McDuffie, and M. E Carney Association of two common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP19A1 locus and ovarian cancer risk Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2008; 15(4): 1055 - 1060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M Olsen, A. C Green, C. M Nagle, S. J Jordan, D. C Whiteman, C. J Bain, P. M Webb, and on behalf of the Australian Cancer Study Group (Ov Epithelial ovarian cancer: testing the 'androgens hypothesis' Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2008; 15(4): 1061 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Y. Ting, B. F. Kimler, C. J. Fabian, and B. K. Petroff Tamoxifen Prevents Premalignant Changes of Breast, but not Ovarian, Cancer in Rats at High Risk for Both Diseases Cancer Prevention Research, December 1, 2008; 1(7): 546 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Levanon, C. Crum, and R. Drapkin New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Serous Ovarian Cancer and Its Clinical Impact J. Clin. Oncol., November 10, 2008; 26(32): 5284 - 5293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Gogoi, M. Kudla, O. Gil, and D. Fishman The Activity of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, an Androgenic Ligand, in Ovarian Cancer Cell Invasion Reproductive Sciences, October 1, 2008; 15(8): 846 - 852. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Tone, H. Begley, M. Sharma, J. Murphy, B. Rosen, T. J. Brown, and P. A. Shaw Gene Expression Profiles of Luteal Phase Fallopian Tube Epithelium from BRCA Mutation Carriers Resemble High-Grade Serous Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2008; 14(13): 4067 - 4078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Gava, C. L. Clarke, C. Bye, K. Byth, and A. deFazio Global gene expression profiles of ovarian surface epithelial cells in vivo J. Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2008; 40(6): 281 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Schouten, C. Rivera, D. J. Hunter, D. Spiegelman, H.-O. Adami, A. Arslan, W. L. Beeson, P. A. van den Brandt, J. E. Buring, A. R. Folsom, et al. Height, Body Mass Index, and Ovarian Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 12 Cohort Studies Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2008; 17(4): 902 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. N. Landen Jr, M. J. Birrer, and A. K. Sood Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., February 20, 2008; 26(6): 995 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Tworoger, I-M. Lee, J. E. Buring, and S. E. Hankinson Plasma Androgen Concentrations and Risk of Incident Ovarian Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2008; 167(2): 211 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Rossing, K. L. Cushing-Haugen, K. G. Wicklund, J. A. Doherty, and N. S. Weiss Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2007; 16(12): 2548 - 2556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Beesley, S. J. Jordan, A. B. Spurdle, H. Song, S. J. Ramus, S. K. Kjaer, E. Hogdall, R. A. DiCioccio, V. McGuire, A. S. Whittemore, et al. Association Between Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Hormone Metabolism and DNA Repair Genes and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Results from Two Australian Studies and an Additional Validation Set Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2007; 16(12): 2557 - 2565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Lurie, L. R. Wilkens, P. J. Thompson, K. E. McDuffie, M. E. Carney, K. Y. Terada, and M. T. Goodman Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2007; 16(12): 2566 - 2571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Baik, M. Lambe, Q. Liu, S. Cnattingius, L. A. Mucci, T. Riman, A. Ekbom, H.-O. Adami, and C.-C. Hsieh Gender of Offspring and Maternal Risk of Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2007; 16(11): 2314 - 2320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Olsen, C. J. Bain, S. J. Jordan, C. M. Nagle, A. C. Green, D. C. Whiteman, P. M. Webb, and Australian Cancer Study (Ovarian Cancer) and Austr Recreational Physical Activity and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Case-Control Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2007; 16(11): 2321 - 2330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Mucci, P. W. Dickman, M. Lambe, H.-O. Adami, D. Trichopoulos, T. Riman, C.-c. Hsieh, and S. Cnattingius Gestational Age and Fetal Growth in Relation to Maternal Ovarian Cancer Risk in a Swedish Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1828 - 1832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Greiser, E. M. Greiser, and M. Doren Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of ovarian cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis Hum. Reprod. Update, September 1, 2007; 13(5): 453 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. R. Kumar Multiple Ovulations, Ovarian Epithelial Inclusion Cysts, and It'SMAD Two! Endocrinology, August 1, 2007; 148(8): 3591 - 3594. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. N. Fehrmann, X.-y. Li, A. G. J. van der Zee, S. de Jong, G. J. te Meerman, E. G. E. de Vries, and A. P. G. Crijns Profiling Studies in Ovarian Cancer: A Review Oncologist, August 1, 2007; 12(8): 960 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Soegaard, A. Jensen, E. Hogdall, L. Christensen, C. Hogdall, J. Blaakaer, and S. K. Kjaer Different Risk Factor Profiles for Mucinous and Nonmucinous Ovarian Cancer: Results from the Danish MALOVA Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2007; 16(6): 1160 - 1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. D. Aletti, M. M. Gallenberg, W. A. Cliby, A. Jatoi, and L. C. Hartmann Current Management Strategies for Ovarian Cancer Mayo Clin. Proc., June 1, 2007; 82(6): 751 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H M Peeters, A. Lukanova, N. Allen, F. Berrino, T. Key, L. Dossus, S. Rinaldi, C. H van Gils, H B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Boeing, et al. Serum IGF-I, its major binding protein (IGFBP-3) and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Endocr. Relat. Cancer, March 1, 2007; 14(1): 81 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Schildkraut, S. K. Murphy, R. T. Palmieri, E. Iversen, P. G. Moorman, Z. Huang, S. Halabi, B. Calingaert, A. Gusberg, J. R. Marks, et al. Trinucleotide Repeat Polymorphisms in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Risk of Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2007; 16(3): 473 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Holt, M. A. Rossing, K. E. Malone, S. M. Schwartz, N. S. Weiss, and C. Chen Ovarian Cancer Risk and Polymorphisms Involved in Estrogen Catabolism Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2007; 16(3): 481 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rinaldi, L. Dossus, A. Lukanova, P. H.M. Peeters, N. E. Allen, T. Key, S. Bingham, K.-T. Khaw, D. Trichopoulos, A. Trichopoulou, et al. Endogenous Androgens and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2007; 16(1): 23 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Liu, M. Lambe, I. Baik, S. Cnattingius, T. Riman, A. Ekbom, H.-O. Adami, and C.-C. Hsieh A Prospective Study of the Transient Decrease in Ovarian Cancer Risk Following Childbirth Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2006; 15(12): 2508 - 2513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Beehler, M. Sekhon, J. A. Baker, B. E. Teter, S. E. McCann, K. J. Rodabaugh, and K. B. Moysich Risk of Ovarian Cancer Associated with BMI Varies by Menopausal Status J. Nutr., November 1, 2006; 136(11): 2881 - 2886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. V. Lacey Jr., L. A. Brinton, M. F. Leitzmann, T. Mouw, A. Hollenbeck, A. Schatzkin, and P. Hartge Menopausal hormone therapy and ovarian cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst, October 4, 2006; 98(19): 1397 - 1405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Inoue, M. Iwasaki, T. Otani, S. Sasazuki, M. Noda, S. Tsugane, and for the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospecti Diabetes mellitus and the risk of cancer: results from a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan. Arch Intern Med, September 25, 2006; 166(17): 1871 - 1877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Risch, A. E. Bale, P. A. Beck, and W. Zheng PGR +331 A/G and Increased Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2006; 15(9): 1738 - 1741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Buchholz, G. Keller, A. V. Schally, G. Halmos, F. Hohla, E. Heinrich, F. Koester, B. Baker, and J. B. Engel Therapy of ovarian cancers with targeted cytotoxic analogs of bombesin, somatostatin, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and their combinations PNAS, July 5, 2006; 103(27): 10403 - 10407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.Q. Yang, K.Y.K. Chan, H.Y.S. Ngan, U.S. Khoo, P.M. Chiu, Q.K.Y. Chan, W.C. Xue, and A.N.Y. Cheung Single nucleotide polymorphisms of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor are associated with ovarian cancer susceptibility Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2006; 27(7): 1502 - 1506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Choi, K.-C. Choi, N. Auersperg, and P. C K Leung Differential regulation of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid by gonadotropins in human immortalized ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cancer cells. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2006; 13(2): 641 - 651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Chen, J. Aravindakshan, Y. Yang, R. Tiwari-Pandey, and M.R. Sairam Aberrant expression of PDGF ligands and receptors in the tumor prone ovary of follitropin receptor knockout (FORKO) mouse Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2006; 27(5): 903 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Patel, C. Rodriguez, A. L. Pavluck, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Recreational Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Relation to Ovarian Cancer Risk in a Large Cohort of US Women Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2006; 163(8): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lu, D. Katsaros, A. Wiley, I. A. Rigault de la Longrais, H. A. Risch, M. Puopolo, and H. Yu The Relationship of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3, and Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Expression to Disease Progression in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2006; 12(4): 1208 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Sellers, J. M. Schildkraut, V. S. Pankratz, R. A. Vierkant, Z. S. Fredericksen, J. E. Olson, J. Cunningham, W. Taylor, M. Liebow, C. McPherson, et al. Estrogen Bioactivation, Genetic Polymorphisms, and Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2005; 14(11): 2536 - 2543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. J. Murdoch Carcinogenic Potential of Ovulatory Genotoxicity Biol Reprod, October 1, 2005; 73(4): 586 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Kelemen, T. A. Sellers, G. L. Keeney, and W. L. Lingle Multivitamin and Alcohol Intake and Folate Receptor {alpha} Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2005; 14(9): 2168 - 2172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. B Rulli and I. Huhtaniemi What have gonadotrophin overexpressing transgenic mice taught us about gonadal function? Reproduction, September 1, 2005; 130(3): 283 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Greer, F. Modugno, G. O. Allen, and R. B. Ness Short-Term Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2005; 162(1): 66 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Horak, D. Pils, G. Haller, I. Pribill, M. Roessler, S. Tomek, R. Horvat, R. Zeillinger, C. Zielinski, and M. Krainer Contribution of Epigenetic Silencing of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand Receptor 1 (DR4) to TRAIL Resistance and Ovarian Cancer Mol. Cancer Res., June 1, 2005; 3(6): 335 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berchuck, E. S. Iversen, J. M. Lancaster, J. Pittman, J. Luo, P. Lee, S. Murphy, H. K. Dressman, P. G. Febbo, M. West, et al. Patterns of Gene Expression That Characterize Long-term Survival in Advanced Stage Serous Ovarian Cancers Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 11(10): 3686 - 3696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Cramer, L. Titus-Ernstoff, J. R. McKolanis, W. R. Welch, A. F. Vitonis, R. S. Berkowitz, and O. J. Finn Conditions Associated with Antibodies Against the Tumor-Associated Antigen MUC1 and Their Relationship to Risk for Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1125 - 1131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zhang, X. Xie, A. H. Lee, C. W. Binns, and C. D. J. Holman Body Mass Index in Relation to Ovarian Cancer Survival Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1307 - 1310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Terry, I. De Vivo, L. Titus-Ernstoff, P. M. Sluss, and D. W. Cramer Genetic Variation in the Progesterone Receptor Gene and Ovarian Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2005; 161(5): 442 - 451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Gierach, F. Modugno, and R. B. Ness Relations of Gestational Length and Timing and Type of Incomplete Pregnancy to Ovarian Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2005; 161(5): 452 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-H. Tung, L. R. Wilkens, A. H. Wu, K. McDuffie, A. M. Y. Nomura, L. N. Kolonel, K. Y. Terada, and M. T. Goodman Effect of Anovulation Factors on Pre- and Postmenopausal Ovarian Cancer Risk: Revisiting the Incessant Ovulation Hypothesis Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2005; 161(4): 321 - 329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Pearce, J. N. Hirschhorn, A. H. Wu, N. P. Burtt, D. O. Stram, S. Young, L. N. Kolonel, B. E. Henderson, D. Altshuler, and M. C. Pike Clarifying the PROGINS Allele Association in Ovarian and Breast Cancer Risk: A Haplotype-Based Analysis J Natl Cancer Inst, January 5, 2005; 97(1): 51 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lukanova and R. Kaaks Endogenous Hormones and Ovarian Cancer: Epidemiology and Current Hypotheses Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 98 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Berchuck, J. M. Schildkraut, R. M. Wenham, B. Calingaert, S. Ali, A. Henriott, S. Halabi, G. C. Rodriguez, D. Gertig, D. M. Purdie, et al. Progesterone Receptor Promoter +331A Polymorphism is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Endometrioid and Clear Cell Ovarian Cancers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2004; 13(12): 2141 - 2147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Rossing, M.-T. C. Tang, E. W. Flagg, L. K. Weiss, and K. G. Wicklund A Case-Control Study of Ovarian Cancer in Relation to Infertility and the Use of Ovulation-inducing Drugs Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2004; 160(11): 1070 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-H. Choi, K.-C. Choi, N. Auersperg, and P. C. K. Leung Overexpression of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Activates Oncogenic Pathways in Preneoplastic Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5508 - 5516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Chubak, S. S. Tworoger, Y. Yasui, C. M. Ulrich, F. Z. Stanczyk, and A. McTiernan Associations between Reproductive and Menstrual Factors and Postmenopausal Sex Hormone Concentrations Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2004; 13(8): 1296 - 1301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-Y. Kim, K.-C. Choi, S.-H. Park, C.-S. Chou, N. Auersperg, and P. C. K. Leung Type II Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 3020 - 3026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Hannan, M. F. Leitzmann, J. V. Lacey Jr., L. H. Colbert, D. Albanes, A. Schatzkin, and C. Schairer Physical Activity and Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United States Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2004; 13(5): 765 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Scorilas, C. A. Borgono, N. Harbeck, J. Dorn, B. Schmalfeldt, M. Schmitt, and E. P. Diamandis Human Kallikrein 13 Protein in Ovarian Cancer Cytosols: A New Favorable Prognostic Marker J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2004; 22(4): 678 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Modugno Ovarian Cancer and Polymorphisms in the Androgen and Progesterone Receptor Genes: A HuGE Review Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2004; 159(4): 319 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Y. Pan, K. C. Johnson, A.-M. Ugnat, S. W. Wen, and Y. Mao Association of Obesity and Cancer Risk in Canada Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2004; 159(3): 259 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Cottreau, R. B. Ness, F. Modugno, G. O. Allen, and M. T. Goodman Endometriosis and Its Treatment with Danazol or Lupron in Relation to Ovarian Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2003; 9(14): 5142 - 5144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. L. Anderson, H. L. Judd, A. M. Kaunitz, D. H. Barad, S. A. A. Beresford, M. Pettinger, J. Liu, S. G. McNeeley, and A. M. Lopez Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Gynecologic Cancers and Associated Diagnostic Procedures: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial JAMA, October 1, 2003; 290(13): 1739 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-H. Tung, M. T. Goodman, A. H. Wu, K. McDuffie, L. R. Wilkens, L. N. Kolonel, A. M. Y. Nomura, K. Y. Terada, M. E. Carney, and L. H. Sobin Reproductive Factors and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Risk by Histologic Type:A Multiethnic Case-Control Study Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2003; 158(7): 629 - 638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Li, R. L. Baldwin, and B. Y. Karlan Short Androgen Receptor Allele Length Is a Poor Prognostic Factor in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 9(10): 3667 - 3673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Engeland, S. Tretli, and T. Bjorge Height, Body Mass Index, and Ovarian Cancer: A Follow-Up of 1.1 Million Norwegian Women J Natl Cancer Inst, August 20, 2003; 95(16): 1244 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Yousef, A. Scorilas, D. Katsaros, S. Fracchioli, L. Iskander, C. Borgono, I. A. Rigault de la Longrais, M. Puopolo, M. Massobrio, and E. P. Diamandis Prognostic Value of the Human Kallikrein Gene 15 Expression in Ovarian Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., August 15, 2003; 21(16): 3119 - 3126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Evangelou, M. Letarte, I. Jurisica, M. Sultan, K. J. Murphy, B. Rosen, and T. J. Brown Loss of Coordinated Androgen Regulation in Nonmalignant Ovarian Epithelial Cells with BRCA1/2 Mutations and Ovarian Cancer Cells Cancer Res., May 15, 2003; 63(10): 2416 - 2424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Dong, A. Kaushal, M. Brattsand, J. Nicklin, and J. A. Clements Differential Splicing of KLK5 and KLK7 in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Produces Novel Variants with Potential as Cancer Biomarkers Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2003; 9(5): 1710 - 1720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. McDonnel, E. A. Van Kirk, D. D. Isaak, and W. J. Murdoch Inhibitory Effects of Progesterone on Plasma Membrane Fluidity and Tumorigenic Potential of Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells Experimental Biology and Medicine, March 1, 2003; 228(3): 308 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Schouten, R. A. Goldbohm, and P. A. van den Brandt Height, Weight, Weight Change, and Ovarian Cancer Risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2003; 157(5): 424 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Lubin, A. Chetrit, L. S. Freedman, E. Alfandary, Y. Fishler, H. Nitzan, A. Zultan, and B. Modan Body Mass Index at Age 18 Years and during Adult Life and Ovarian Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2003; 157(2): 113 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Whiteman, V. Siskind, D. M. Purdie, and A. C. Green Timing of Pregnancy and the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2003; 12(1): 42 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. A. Augustin, J. Polesel, C. Bosetti, C. W. C. Kendall, C. La Vecchia, M. Parpinel, E. Conti, M. Montella, S. Franceschi, D. J. A. Jenkins, et al. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in Italy Ann. Onc., January 1, 2003; 14(1): 78 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-C. Choi, C.-J. Tai, C.-R. Tzeng, N. Auersperg, and P. C.K. Leung Adenosine Triphosphate Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Pre-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells Biol Reprod, January 1, 2003; 68(1): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Rulli, A. Kuorelahti, O. Karaer, L. J. Pelliniemi, M. Poutanen, and I. Huhtaniemi Reproductive Disturbances, Pituitary Lactotrope Adenomas, and Mammary Gland Tumors in Transgenic Female Mice Producing High Levels of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Endocrinology, October 1, 2002; 143(10): 4084 - 4095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rodriguez, E. E. Calle, D. Fakhrabadi-Shokoohi, E. J. Jacobs, and M. J. Thun Body Mass Index, Height, and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 822 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Riman, P. W. Dickman, S. Nilsson, N. Correia, H. Nordlinder, C. M. Magnusson, and I. R. Persson Risk Factors for Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Results from a Swedish Case-Control Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2002; 156(4): 363 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Lacey Jr, P. J. Mink, J. H. Lubin, M. E. Sherman, R. Troisi, P. Hartge, A. Schatzkin, and C. Schairer Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Ovarian Cancer JAMA, July 17, 2002; 288(3): 334 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. N. Barnes, W. E. Grizzle, C. J. Grubbs, and E. E. Partridge Paradigms for Primary Prevention of Ovarian Carcinoma CA Cancer J Clin, July 1, 2002; 52(4): 216 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-C. Choi, S. K. Kang, C.-J. Tai, N. Auersperg, and P. C. K. Leung Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2245 - 2253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Syed, G. Ulinski, S. C. Mok, and S.-M. Ho Reproductive Hormone-Induced, STAT3-Mediated Interleukin 6 Action in Normal and Malignant Human Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, April 17, 2002; 94(8): 617 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Riman, P. W. Dickman, S. Nilsson, N. Correia, H. Nordlinder, C. M. Magnusson, E. Weiderpass, and I. R. Persson Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Invasive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Swedish Women J Natl Cancer Inst, April 3, 2002; 94(7): 497 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Schildkraut, B. Calingaert, P. A. Marchbanks, P. G. Moorman, and G. C. Rodriguez Impact of Progestin and Estrogen Potency in Oral Contraceptives on Ovarian Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, January 2, 2002; 94(1): 32 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. C. Rodriguez, N. P. Nagarsheth, K. L. Lee, R. C. Bentley, D. K. Walmer, M. Cline, R. S. Whitaker, P. Isner, A. Berchuck, R. K. Dodge, et al. Progestin-Induced Apoptosis in the Macaque Ovarian Epithelium: Differential Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} J Natl Cancer Inst, January 2, 2002; 94(1): 50 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. Spurdle, J. L. Hopper, X. Chen, G. S. Dite, M. R. E. McCredie, G. G. Giles, D. J. Venter, M. C. Southey, D. M. Purdie, and G. Chenevix-Trench The Steroid 5{alpha}-Reductase Type II TA Repeat Polymorphism Is Not Associated with Risk of Breast or Ovarian Cancer in Australian Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2001; 10(12): 1287 - 1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Syed, G. Ulinski, S. C. Mok, G. K. Yiu, and S.-M. Ho Expression of Gonadotropin Receptor and Growth Responses to Key Reproductive Hormones in Normal and Malignant Human Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells Cancer Res., September 1, 2001; 61(18): 6768 - 6776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|