© 1998 by Oxford University Press
Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, Vol 90, 1292-1299, Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press
SE Hankinson, WC Willett, JE Manson, GA Colditz, DJ Hunter, D Spiegelman, RL Barbieri and FE Speizer
BACKGROUND: A positive relationship has generally been observed between
plasma estrogen levels and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, but
most of these studies have been small and few have evaluated specific
estrogen fractions (such as percent bioavailable estradiol). In addition,
few studies have evaluated plasma androgen levels in relation to breast
cancer risk, and their results have been inconsistent. We prospectively
evaluated relationships between sex steroid hormone levels in plasma and
risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women by use of a case-control
study nested within the Nurses' Health Study. METHODS: Blood samples were
collected during the period from 1989 through 1990. Among postmenopausal
women not using hormone replacement therapy at blood collection (n = 11,169
women), 156 women were diagnosed with breast cancer after blood collection
but before June 1, 1994. Two control subjects were selected per case
subject and matched with respect to age, menopausal status, month and time
of day of blood collection, and fasting status at the time of blood
collection. RESULTS: From comparisons of highest and lowest (reference)
quartiles, we observed statistically significant positive associations with
risk of breast cancer for circulating levels of estradiol (multivariate
relative risk [RR] = 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-3.46),
estrone (multivariate RR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.05-3.65), estrone sulfate
(multivariate RR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.23- 4.12), and dehydroepiandrosterone
sulfate (multivariate RR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.11-4.17). We found no
substantial associations with percent free or percent bioavailable
estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone, or dehydroepiandrosterone. The
positive relationships were substantially stronger among women with no
previous hormone replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: Our data, in conjunction
with past epidemiologic and animal studies, provide strong evidence for a
causal relationship between postmenopausal estrogen levels and the risk of
breast cancer.
ARTICLES
Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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E. S. Schernhammer, B. Rosner, W. C. Willett, F. Laden, G. A. Colditz, and S. E. Hankinson Epidemiology of Urinary Melatonin in Women and Its Relation to Other Hormones and Night Work Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2004; 13(6): 936 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. Somboonporn and S. R. Davis Testosterone Effects on the Breast: Implications for Testosterone Therapy for Women Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 374 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Page, G. A. Colditz, N. Rifai, R. L. Barbieri, W. C. Willett, and S. E. Hankinson Plasma Adrenal Androgens and Risk of Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2004; 13(6): 1032 - 1036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. H. Kroenke, S. E. Hankinson, E. S. Schernhammer, G. A. Colditz, I. Kawachi, and M. D. Holmes Caregiving Stress, Endogenous Sex Steroid Hormone Levels, and Breast Cancer Incidence Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2004; 159(11): 1019 - 1027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Martino, J. Costantino, M. McNabb, J. Mershon, K. Bryant, T. Powles, and R. J. Secrest The Role of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in the Prevention of Breast Cancer: Comparison of the Clinical Trials Oncologist, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 116 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. W. Setiawan, S. E. Hankinson, G. A. Colditz, D. J. Hunter, and I. De Vivo HSD17B1 Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Endometrial and Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2004; 13(2): 213 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Tworoger, J. Chubak, E. J. Aiello, C. M. Ulrich, C. Atkinson, J. D. Potter, Y. Yasui, P. L. Stapleton, J. W. Lampe, F. M. Farin, et al. Association of CYP17, CYP19, CYP1B1, and COMT Polymorphisms with Serum and Urinary Sex Hormone Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2004; 13(1): 94 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Toth-Fejel, J. Cheek, K. Calhoun, P. Muller, and R. F. Pommier Estrogen and Androgen Receptors as Comediators of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation: Providing a New Therapeutic Tool Arch Surg, January 1, 2004; 139(1): 50 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborativ Free Estradiol and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003; 12(12): 1457 - 1461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Miyoshi, T. Funahashi, S. Kihara, T. Taguchi, Y. Tamaki, Y. Matsuzawa, and S. Noguchi Association of Serum Adiponectin Levels with Breast Cancer Risk Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2003; 9(15): 5699 - 5704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. H. van Gils, N. C. Onland-Moret, M. Roest, P. A. H. van Noord, and P. H. M. Peeters The V89L Polymorphism in the 5-{alpha}-Reductase Type 2 Gene and Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2003; 12(11): 1194 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 C. A. Haiman, D. O. Stram, M. C. Pike, L. N. Kolonel, N. P. Burtt, D. Altshuler, J. Hirschhorn, and B. E. Henderson A comprehensive haplotype analysis of CYP19 and breast cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Hum. Mol. Genet., October 16, 2003; 12(20): 2679 - 2692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. M. Rexrode, J. E. Manson, I-M. Lee, P. M Ridker, P. M. Sluss, N. R. Cook, and J. E. Buring Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, October 7, 2003; 108(14): 1688 - 1693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yu, X.-O. Shu, B. D. L. Li, Q. Dai, Y.-T. Gao, F. Jin, and W. Zheng Joint Effect of Insulin-like Growth Factors and Sex Steroids on Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2003; 12(10): 1067 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. De Vivo, S. E. Hankinson, G. A. Colditz, and D. J. Hunter A Functional Polymorphism in the Progesterone Receptor Gene Is Associated with an Increase in Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5236 - 5238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative Gr Body Mass Index, Serum Sex Hormones, and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women J Natl Cancer Inst, August 20, 2003; 95(16): 1218 - 1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Hamilton and T. M. Mack Puberty and Genetic Susceptibility to Breast Cancer in a Case-Control Study in Twins N. Engl. J. Med., June 5, 2003; 348(23): 2313 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Miyoshi, Y. Tanji, T. Taguchi, Y. Tamaki, and S. Noguchi Association of Serum Estrone Levels with Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Japanese Women Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2003; 9(6): 2229 - 2233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Lamar, J. F. Dorgan, C. Longcope, F. Z. Stanczyk, R. T. Falk, and H. E. Stephenson Jr. Serum Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2003; 12(4): 380 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. F. Dorgan, S. A. Hunsberger, R. P. McMahon, P. O. Kwiterovich Jr., R. M. Lauer, L. Van Horn, N. L. Lasser, V. J. Stevens, L. A. Friedman, J. A. Yanovski, et al. Diet and Sex Hormones in Girls: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial J Natl Cancer Inst, January 15, 2003; 95(2): 132 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. F. Col, R. J. Goldberg, R. K. Orr, J. K. Erban, J. M. Fortin, and R. T. Chlebowski Survival Impact of Tamoxifen Use for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction: Projections from a Patient-Specific Markov Model Med Decis Making, October 1, 2002; 22(5): 386 - 393. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Rinaldi, A. Geay, H. Dechaud, C. Biessy, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A. Akhmedkhanov, R. E. Shore, E. Riboli, P. Toniolo, and R. Kaaks Validity of Free Testosterone and Free Estradiol Determinations in Serum Samples from Postmenopausal Women by Theoretical Calculations Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2002; 11(10): 1065 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Fabian, B. F. Kimler, D. A. Brady, M. S. Mayo, C. H. J. Chang, J. A. Ferraro, C. M. Zalles, A. L. Stanton, S. Masood, W. E. Grizzle, et al. A Phase II Breast Cancer Chemoprevention Trial of Oral {alpha}-Difluoromethylornithine: Breast Tissue, Imaging, and Serum and Urine Biomarkers Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2002; 8(10): 3105 - 3117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Dai, X.-o. Shu, F. Jin, Y.-T. Gao, Z.-X. Ruan, and W. Zheng Consumption of Animal Foods, Cooking Methods, and Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 801 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. S. Kinsinger, R. Harris, S. H. Woolf, H. C. Sox, and K. N. Lohr Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, July 2, 2002; 137(1): 59 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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