© 1997 by Oxford University Press
Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, Vol 89, 1881-1886, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
N Ahmad, DK Feyes, AL Nieminen, R Agarwal and H Mukhtar
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The polyphenolic compounds present in green tea
show cancer chemopreventive effects in many animal tumor models.
Epidemiologic studies have also suggested that green tea consumption might
be effective in the prevention of certain human cancers. We investigated
the effect of green tea polyphenols and the major constituent,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate, on the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell
death) and regulation of cell cycle in human and mouse carcinoma cells.
METHODS: Human epidermoid carcinoma cells (cell line A431), human carcinoma
keratinocyte (cell line HaCaT), human prostate carcinoma cells (cell line
DU145), mouse lymphoma cells (cell line L5178Y), and normal human epidermal
keratinocytes (NHEKs) were used. Apoptosis was assessed by 1) the formation
of internucleosomal DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis, 2)
confocal microscopy, and 3) flow cytometry after tagging the DNA fragments
by fluorescence label. The distribution of cells in different phases of the
cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Treatment of A431 cells
with green tea polyphenols and its components, epigallocatechin-3-gallate,
epigallocatechin, and epicatechin-3-gallate, resulted in the formation of
internucleosomal DNA fragments, characteristic of apoptosis. Treatment with
epigallocatechin-3-gallate also resulted in apoptosis in HaCaT, L5178Y, and
DU145 cells, but not in NHEK. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry
confirmed the findings. The DNA cell cycle analysis showed that in A431
cells, epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment resulted in arrest in the G0-G1
phase of the cell cycle and a dose- dependent apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Green
tea may protect against cancer by causing cell cycle arrest and inducing
apoptosis. It needs to be evaluated in human trials.
ARTICLES
Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells
Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Naganuma, S. Kuriyama, M. Kakizaki, T. Sone, N. Nakaya, K. Ohmori-Matsuda, A. Hozawa, Y. Nishino, and I. Tsuji Green Tea Consumption and Hematologic Malignancies in Japan: The Ohsaki Study Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2009; 170(6): 730 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. D. Shanafelt, T. G. Call, C. S. Zent, B. LaPlant, D. A. Bowen, M. Roos, C. R. Secreto, A. K. Ghosh, B. F. Kabat, M.-J. Lee, et al. Phase I Trial of Daily Oral Polyphenon E in Patients With Asymptomatic Rai Stage 0 to II Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia J. Clin. Oncol., August 10, 2009; 27(23): 3808 - 3814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Venkateswaran, L. H. Klotz, M. Ramani, L. M. Sugar, L. E. Jacob, R. K. Nam, and N. E. Fleshner A Combination of Micronutrients Is Beneficial in Reducing the Incidence of Prostate Cancer and Increasing Survival in the Lady Transgenic Model Cancer Prevention Research, May 1, 2009; 2(5): 473 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. W. Anderson, C. Goodin, Y. Zhang, S. Kim, R. D. Estensen, T. S. Wiedmann, P. Sekar, C. R. Buncher, J. C. Khoury, J. R. Garbow, et al. Effect of dietary green tea extract and aerosolized difluoromethylornithine during lung tumor progression in A/J strain mice Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2008; 29(8): 1594 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Castro, Z. Yu, C. V. Lohr, C. B. Pereira, J. N. Giovanini, K. A. Fischer, G. A. Orner, R. H. Dashwood, and D. E. Williams Chemoprevention of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene transplacental carcinogenesis in mice born to mothers administered green tea: primary role of caffeine Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2008; 29(8): 1581 - 1586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Hu, Y. Liu, C. Zhang, Y. Zhao, W. He, L. Han, L. Yang, K. M. Hopkins, X. Yang, H. B. Lieberman, et al. Targeted Deletion of Rad9 in Mouse Skin Keratinocytes Enhances Genotoxin-Induced Tumor Development Cancer Res., July 15, 2008; 68(14): 5552 - 5561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Qin, H.-G. Chen, Q. Yan, M. Deng, J. Liu, S. Doerge, W. Ma, Z. Dong, and D. Wan-Cheng Li Protein Phosphatase-2A Is a Target of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Modulates p53-Bak Apoptotic Pathway Cancer Res., June 1, 2008; 68(11): 4150 - 4162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Halder, U. Bhattacharya, S. Mukhopadhyay, and A. K. Giri Molecular mechanism of black tea polyphenols induced apoptosis in human skin cancer cells: involvement of Bax translocation and mitochondria mediated death cascade Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2008; 29(1): 129 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Nakazato, M. Sagawa, K. Yamato, M. Xian, T. Yamamoto, M. Suematsu, Y. Ikeda, and M. Kizaki Myeloperoxidase Is a Key Regulator of Oxidative Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Myeloid Leukemic Cells Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2007; 13(18): 5436 - 5445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Hudson, D. K. Hartle, S. D. Hursting, N. P. Nunez, T. T.Y. Wang, H. A. Young, P. Arany, and J. E. Green Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Growth by Muscadine Grape Skin Extract and Resveratrol through Distinct Mechanisms Cancer Res., September 1, 2007; 67(17): 8396 - 8405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zhang, C. D. J. Holman, J.-p. Huang, and X. Xie Green tea and the prevention of breast cancer: a case-control study in Southeast China Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2007; 28(5): 1074 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Khan, F. Afaq, and H. Mukhtar Apoptosis by dietary factors: the suicide solution for delaying cancer growth Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2007; 28(2): 233 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Kang, J. H. Lee, C. K. Song, H. D. Han, B. C. Shin, S. I. Pai, C.-F. Hung, C. Trimble, J.-S. Lim, T. W. Kim, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Enhances CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity Induced by DNA Vaccination Cancer Res., January 15, 2007; 67(2): 802 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Lu, J. Liao, G. Yang, K. R. Reuhl, X. Hao, and C. S. Yang Inhibition of Adenoma Progression to Adenocarcinoma in a 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis Model in A/J Mice by Tea Polyphenols and Caffeine Cancer Res., December 1, 2006; 66(23): 11494 - 11501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-H. Kweon, V. M. Adhami, J.-S. Lee, and H. Mukhtar Constitutive Overexpression of Nrf2-dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 in A549 Cells Contributes to Resistance to Apoptosis Induced by Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2006; 281(44): 33761 - 33772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Shammas, P. Neri, H. Koley, R. B. Batchu, R. C. Bertheau, V. Munshi, R. Prabhala, M. Fulciniti, Y. t. Tai, S. P. Treon, et al. Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: biologic activity and therapeutic implications Blood, October 15, 2006; 108(8): 2804 - 2810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Yun, M.-H. Kweon, H. Kwon, J.-K. Hwang, and H. Mukhtar Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by a chalcone panduratin A isolated from Kaempferia pandurata in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells PC3 and DU145 Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2006; 27(7): 1454 - 1464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. A. Siddiqui, N. Zaman, M. H. Aziz, S. R. Reagan-Shaw, S. Sarfaraz, V. M. Adhami, N. Ahmad, S. Raisuddin, and H. Mukhtar Inhibition of CWR22R{nu}1 tumor growth and PSA secretion in athymic nude mice by green and black teas Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2006; 27(4): 833 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Khan, F. Afaq, M. Saleem, N. Ahmad, and H. Mukhtar Targeting multiple signaling pathways by green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Res., March 1, 2006; 66(5): 2500 - 2505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Luo, L. Tang, M. Tang, M. Billam, T. Huang, J. Yu, Z. Wei, Y. Liang, K. Wang, Z.-Q. Zhang, et al. Phase IIa chemoprevention trial of green tea polyphenols in high-risk individuals of liver cancer: modulation of urinary excretion of green tea polyphenols and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2006; 27(2): 262 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Hsu, D. P. Dickinson, H. Qin, C. Lapp, D. Lapp, J. Borke, D. S. Walsh, W. B. Bollag, H. Stoppler, T. Yamamoto, et al. Inhibition of Autoantigen Expression by (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (the Major Constituent of Green Tea) in Normal Human Cells J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2005; 315(2): 805 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Malik, F. Afaq, S. Sarfaraz, V. M. Adhami, D. N. Syed, and H. Mukhtar Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer PNAS, October 11, 2005; 102(41): 14813 - 14818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Hou, S. Sang, H. You, M.-J. Lee, J. Hong, K.-V. Chin, and C. S. Yang Mechanism of Action of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate: Auto-oxidation-Dependent Inactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Direct Effects on Growth Inhibition in Human Esophageal Cancer KYSE 150 Cells Cancer Res., September 1, 2005; 65(17): 8049 - 8056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Nakazato, K. Ito, Y. Ikeda, and M. Kizaki Green Tea Component, Catechin, Induces Apoptosis of Human Malignant B Cells via Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 11(16): 6040 - 6049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Seely, E. J. Mills, P. Wu, S. Verma, and G. H. Guyatt The Effects of Green Tea Consumption on Incidence of Breast Cancer and Recurrence of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Integr Cancer Ther, June 1, 2005; 4(2): 144 - 155. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zi and A. R. Simoneau Flavokawain A, a Novel Chalcone from Kava Extract, Induces Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer Cells by Involvement of Bax Protein-Dependent and Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway and Suppresses Tumor Growth in Mice Cancer Res., April 15, 2005; 65(8): 3479 - 3486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Mayr, S. Windhorst, and K. Hillemeier Antiproliferative Plant and Synthetic Polyphenolics Are Specific Inhibitors of Vertebrate Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-Kinases and Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 13229 - 13240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shimizu, A. Deguchi, J. T.E. Lim, H. Moriwaki, L. Kopelovich, and I. B. Weinstein (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate and Polyphenon E Inhibit Growth and Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 Signaling Pathways in Human Colon Cancer Cells Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2735 - 2746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. M. Adhami, I. A. Siddiqui, N. Ahmad, S. Gupta, and H. Mukhtar Oral Consumption of Green Tea Polyphenols Inhibits Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I-Induced Signaling in an Autochthonous Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 64(23): 8715 - 8722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Caporali, P. Davalli, S. Astancolle, D. D'Arca, M. Brausi, S. Bettuzzi, and A. Corti The chemopreventive action of catechins in the TRAMP mouse model of prostate carcinogenesis is accompanied by clusterin over-expression Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2004; 25(11): 2217 - 2224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Nakagawa, K. Hasumi, J.-T. Woo, K. Nagai, and M. Wachi Generation of hydrogen peroxide primarily contributes to the induction of Fe(II)-dependent apoptosis in Jurkat cells by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2004; 25(9): 1567 - 1574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. M. Adhami, M. H. Aziz, S. R. Reagan-Shaw, M. Nihal, H. Mukhtar, and N. Ahmad Sanguinarine causes cell cycle blockade and apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma cells via modulation of cyclin kinase inhibitor-cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase machinery Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2004; 3(8): 933 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Fassina, R. Vene, M. Morini, S. Minghelli, R. Benelli, D. M. Noonan, and A. Albini Mechanisms of Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis and Vascular Tumor Growth by Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2004; 10(14): 4865 - 4873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hashimoto, Z. He, W.-Y. Ma, P. C. Schmid, A. M. Bode, C. S. Yang, and Z. Dong Caffeine Inhibits Cell Proliferation by G0/G1 Phase Arrest in JB6 Cells Cancer Res., May 1, 2004; 64(9): 3344 - 3349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Wenzel, S. Kuntz, and H. Daniel Nitric Oxide Levels in Human Preneoplastic Colonocytes Determine Their Susceptibility toward Antineoplastic Agents Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2003; 64(6): 1494 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F.-L. Chung, J. Schwartz, C. R. Herzog, and Y.-M. Yang Tea and Cancer Prevention: Studies in Animals and Humans J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3268S - 3274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hsu, W. B. Bollag, J. Lewis, Q. Huang, B. Singh, M. Sharawy, T. Yamamoto, and G. Schuster Green Tea Polyphenols Induce Differentiation and Proliferation in Epidermal Keratinocytes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2003; 306(1): 29 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. M. Adhami, N. Ahmad, and H. Mukhtar Molecular Targets for Green Tea in Prostate Cancer Prevention J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2417S - 2424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wilkinson and G. W. Chodak Critical Review of Complementary Therapies for Prostate Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., June 1, 2003; 21(11): 2199 - 2210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Levites, T. Amit, M. B. H. Youdim, and S. Mandel Involvement of Protein Kinase C Activation and Cell Survival/ Cell Cycle Genes in Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate Neuroprotective Action J. Biol. Chem., August 16, 2002; 277(34): 30574 - 30580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Havre, S. O'Reilly, J. J. McCormick, and D. E. Brash Transformed and Tumor-derived Human Cells Exhibit Preferential Sensitivity to the Thiol Antioxidants, N-Acetyl Cysteine and Penicillamine Cancer Res., March 1, 2002; 62(5): 1443 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Klein and S. M. Fischer Black tea polyphenols inhibit IGF-I-induced signaling through Akt in normal prostate epithelial cells and Du145 prostate carcinoma cells Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2002; 23(1): 217 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Masuda, M. Suzui, and I. B. Weinstein Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Growth, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathways, Gene Expression, and Chemosensitivity in Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2001; 7(12): 4220 - 4229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gupta, K. Hastak, N. Ahmad, J. S. Lewin, and H. Mukhtar Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols PNAS, August 10, 2001; (2001) 171326098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ahmad, V. M. Adhami, F. Afaq, D. K. Feyes, and H. Mukhtar Resveratrol Causes WAF-1/p21-mediated G1-phase Arrest of Cell Cycle and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma A431 Cells Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 7(5): 1466 - 1473. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M.W. Pisters, R. A. Newman, B. Coldman, D. M. Shin, F. R. Khuri, W. K. Hong, B. S. Glisson, and J. S. Lee Phase I Trial of Oral Green Tea Extract in Adult Patients With Solid Tumors J. Clin. Oncol., March 15, 2001; 19(6): 1830 - 1838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Tsubono, Y. Nishino, S. Komatsu, C.-C. Hsieh, S. Kanemura, I. Tsuji, H. Nakatsuka, A. Fukao, H. Satoh, and S. Hisamichi Green Tea and the Risk of Gastric Cancer in Japan N. Engl. J. Med., March 1, 2001; 344(9): 632 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Yokoyama, H. Hirano, N. Wakimaru, K. P. Sarker, and J.-i. Kuratsu Inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin-gallate on brain tumor cell lines in vitro Neuro-oncol, January 1, 2001; 3(1): 22 - 28. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-Y. Yang, J. Liao, C. Li, J. Chung, E. J. Yurkow, C.-T. Ho, and C. S. Yang Effect of black and green tea polyphenols on c-jun phosphorylation and H2O2 production in transformed and non-transformed human bronchial cell lines: possible mechanisms of cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2000; 21(11): 2035 - 2039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sai, J. Kanno, R. Hasegawa, J. E. Trosko, and T. Inoue Prevention of the down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication by green tea in the liver of mice fed pentachlorophenol Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2000; 21(9): 1671 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Katiyar, N. Ahmad, and H. Mukhtar Green Tea and Skin Arch Dermatol, August 1, 2000; 136(8): 989 - 994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Mukhtar and N. Ahmad Tea polyphenols: prevention of cancer and optimizing health Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2000; 71(6): 1698S - 1702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ahmad, S. Gupta, M. M. Husain, K. M. Heiskanen, and H. Mukhtar Differential Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Response of Sanguinarine for Cancer Cells versus Normal Cells Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2000; 6(4): 1524 - 1528. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Zhang, Q. Liu, L. E. Lantry, Y. Wang, G. J. Kelloff, M. W. Anderson, R. W. Wiseman, R. A. Lubet, and M. You A Germ-Line p53 Mutation Accelerates Pulmonary Tumorigenesis: p53-independent Efficacy of Chemopreventive Agents Green Tea or Dexamethasone/myo-Inositol and Chemotherapeutic Agents Taxol or Adriamycin Cancer Res., February 1, 2000; 60(4): 901 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Yang, J. Y. Chung, G.-y. Yang, S. K. Chhabra, and M.-J. Lee Tea and Tea Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention J. Nutr., February 1, 2000; 130(2): 472 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. G. Shabalina, T. Panaretakis, A. Bergstrand, and J. W. Depierre Effects of the rodent peroxisome proliferator and hepatocarcinogen, perfluorooctanoic acid, on apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells Carcinogenesis, December 1, 1999; 20(12): 2237 - 2246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gupta, N. Ahmad, R. R. Mohan, M. M. Husain, and H. Mukhtar Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention by Green Tea: In Vitro and in Vivo Inhibition of Testosterone-mediated Induction of Ornithine Decarboxylase Cancer Res., May 1, 1999; 59(9): 2115 - 2120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-C. Liang, Y.-C. Chen, Y.-L. Lin, S.-Y. Lin-Shiau, C.-T. Ho, and J.-K. Lin Suppression of extracellular signals and cell proliferation by the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate Carcinogenesis, April 1, 1999; 20(4): 733 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Suganuma, S. Okabe, Y. Kai, N. Sueoka, E. Sueoka, and H. Fujiki Synergistic Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate with (-)-Epicatechin, Sulindac, or Tamoxifen on Cancer-preventive Activity in the Human Lung CancerCell Line PC-9 Cancer Res., January 1, 1999; 59(1): 44 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Balasubramanian, T. Efimova, and R. L. Eckert Green Tea Polyphenol Stimulates a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 Cascade to Increase Activator Protein 1 Factor-dependent Involucrin Gene Expression in Normal Human Keratinocytes J. Biol. Chem., January 11, 2002; 277(3): 1828 - 1836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gupta, K. Hastak, N. Ahmad, J. S. Lewin, and H. Mukhtar Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols PNAS, August 28, 2001; 98(18): 10350 - 10355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|