© 1997 by Oxford University Press
Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, Vol 89, 1260-1270, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
AF Chambers and LM Matrisian
Metastatic spread of cancer continues to be the greatest barrier to cancer
cure. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of metastasis is crucial for
the design and effective use of novel therapeutic strategies to combat
metastases. One class of molecules that has been repeatedly implicated in
metastasis is the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this review, we
re-examine the evidence that MMPs are associated with metastasis and that
they make a functional contribution to the process. Initially, it was
believed that the major role of MMPs in metastasis was to facilitate the
breakdown of physical barriers to metastasis, thus promoting invasion and
entry into and out of blood or lymphatic vessels (intravasation,
extravasation). However, recent evidence suggests that MMPs may have a more
complex role in metastasis and that they may make important contributions
at other steps in the metastatic process. Studies using intravital
videomicroscopy, as well as experiments in which levels of MMPs or their
inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) are
manipulated genetically or pharmacologically, suggest that MMPs are key
regulators of growth of tumors, at both primary and metastatic sites. On
the basis of this evidence, a new view of the functional role of MMPs in
metastasis is presented, which suggests that MMPs are important in creating
and maintaining an environment that supports the initiation and maintenance
of growth of primary and metastatic tumors. Further clarification of the
mechanisms by which MMPs regulate growth of primary and metastatic tumors
will be important in the development of novel therapeutic strategies
against metastases.
REVIEWS
Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis
Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, and London Regional Cancer Centre, Canada. achambers@lrcc.on.ca
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 B. Nawrocki-Raby, C. Gilles, M. Polette, C. Martinella-Catusse, N. Bonnet, E. Puchelle, J.-M. Foidart, F. van Roy, and P. Birembaut E-Cadherin Mediates MMP Down-Regulation in Highly Invasive Bronchial Tumor Cells Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2003; 163(2): 653 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Mansour, J. Drevs, N. Esser, F. M. Hamada, O. A. Badary, C. Unger, I. Fichtner, and F. Kratz A New Approach for the Treatment of Malignant Melanoma: Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy of an Albumin-binding Doxorubicin Prodrug That Is Cleaved by Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Cancer Res., July 15, 2003; 63(14): 4062 - 4066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. C. Durkan, J. E. Nutt, C. Marsh, P. H. Rajjayabun, M. C. Robinson, D. E. Neal, J. Lunec, and J. K. Mellon Alteration in Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 to Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Ratio Predicts Recurrence in Nonmuscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2003; 9(7): 2576 - 2582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-H. Woo, J.-W. Park, S.-H. Lee, Y.-H. Kim, I. K. Lee, E. Gabrielson, S.-H. Lee, H.-J. Lee, Y.-H. Kho, and T. K. Kwon Dykellic Acid Inhibits Phorbol Myristate Acetate-induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression by Inhibiting Nuclear Factor {kappa}B Transcriptional Activity Cancer Res., June 15, 2003; 63(12): 3430 - 3434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Helbig, K. W. Christopherson II, P. Bhat-Nakshatri, S. Kumar, H. Kishimoto, K. D. Miller, H. E. Broxmeyer, and H. Nakshatri NF-{kappa} B Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Migration and Metastasis by Inducing the Expression of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 J. Biol. Chem., June 6, 2003; 278(24): 21631 - 21638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Liu, C. Sun, H. Huang, K. Janda, and T. Edgington Overexpression of Legumain in Tumors Is Significant for Invasion/Metastasis and a Candidate Enzymatic Target for Prodrug Therapy Cancer Res., June 1, 2003; 63(11): 2957 - 2964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. M. Le, A. Besson, D. K. Fogg, K.-S. Choi, D. M. Waisman, C. G. Goodyer, B. Rewcastle, and V. W. Yong Exploitation of Astrocytes by Glioma Cells to Facilitate Invasiveness: A Mechanism Involving Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator-Plasmin Cascade J. Neurosci., May 15, 2003; 23(10): 4034 - 4043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Mahmood and R. Weissleder Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of Proteases in Cancer Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2003; 2(5): 489 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Sava, S. Zorzet, C. Turrin, F. Vita, M. Soranzo, G. Zabucchi, M. Cocchietto, A. Bergamo, S. DiGiovine, G. Pezzoni, et al. Dual Action of NAMI-A in Inhibition of Solid Tumor Metastasis: Selective Targeting of Metastatic Cells and Binding to Collagen Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2003; 9(5): 1898 - 1905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Wild, A. Ramaswamy, P. Langer, I. Celik, V. Fendrich, B. Chaloupka, B. Simon, and D. K. Bartsch Frequent Methylation-Associated Silencing of the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 Gene in Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 1367 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Rundhaug Matrix Metalloproteinases, Angiogenesis, and Cancer: Commentary re: A. C. Lockhart et al., Reduction of Wound Angiogenesis in Patients Treated with BMS-275291, a Broad Spectrum Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor. Clin. Cancer Res., 9: 00-00, 2003. Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2003; 9(2): 551 - 554. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y Hakoda, Y Ito, A Nagate, K Minemura, K Utsumi, M Aoshima, and K Ohyashiki Increased collagenase activity in macrophages from bronchial lavage as a diagnostic marker of non-small cell lung cancer Thorax, February 1, 2003; 58(2): 122 - 126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Palmieri, S. Poggi, V. Ulivi, G. Casartelli, and P. Manduca Pro-collagen I COOH-terminal Trimer Induces Directional Migration and Metalloproteinases in Breast Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., January 31, 2003; 278(6): 3639 - 3647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Ghilardi, M. L. Biondi, M. Caputo, S. Leviti, M. DeMonti, E. Guagnellini, and R. Scorza A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Promoter Enhances Breast Cancer Susceptibility Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2002; 8(12): 3820 - 3823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. A. Shepherd, G. Giaccone, L. Seymour, C. Debruyne, A. Bezjak, V. Hirsh, M. Smylie, S. Rubin, H. Martins, A. Lamont, et al. Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Marimastat After Response to First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients With Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada-Clinical Trials Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., November 15, 2002; 20(22): 4434 - 4439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Baumgart, S.V. Lenk, S.A. Loening, and K. Jung Quantitative differences in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, but not in MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 or TIMP-2, in seminal plasma of normozoospermic and azoospermic patients Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2002; 17(11): 2919 - 2923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Willis and N. H. Colburn Molecular Targets for Cancer Prevention: A Meeting Review of the Third American Cancer Society-Schilling Research Conference Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2002; 11(10): 972 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Arlt, C. Kopitz, C. Pennington, K. L. M. Watson, H.-W. Krell, W. Bode, B. Gansbacher, R. Khokha, D. R. Edwards, and A. Kruger Increase in Gelatinase-specificity of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors Correlates with Antimetastatic Efficacy in a T-Cell Lymphoma Model Cancer Res., October 1, 2002; 62(19): 5543 - 5550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Vargo-Gogola, B. Fingleton, H. C. Crawford, and L. M. Matrisian Matrilysin (Matrix Metalloproteinase-7) Selects for Apoptosis-resistant Mammary Cells in Vivo Cancer Res., October 1, 2002; 62(19): 5559 - 5563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-R. Pan and W.-C. Hung Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Inhibit Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 via Suppression of the ERK/Sp1-mediated Transcription J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 32775 - 32780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Maquoi, C. Munaut, A. Colige, D. Collen, and H. R. Lijnen Modulation of Adipose Tissue Expression of Murine Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors With Obesity Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 1093 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Jiang, A. Kumar, J. E. Parrillo, L. A. Dempsey, J. L. Platt, R. A. Prinz, and X. Xu Cloning and Characterization of the Human Heparanase-1 (HPR1) Gene Promoter. ROLE OF GA-BINDING PROTEIN AND Sp1 IN REGULATING HPR1 BASAL PROMOTER ACTIVITY J. Biol. Chem., March 8, 2002; 277(11): 8989 - 8998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kaneyoshi, H. Nakatsukasa, T. Higashi, K. Fujiwara, I. Naito, K. Nouso, K. Kariyama, Y. Kobayashi, M. Uemura, S.-i. Nakamura, et al. Actual Invasive Potential of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Revealed by in Situ Gelatin Zymography Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2001; 7(12): 4027 - 4032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Engers, E. Springer, F. Michiels, J. G. Collard, and H. E. Gabbert Rac Affects Invasion of Human Renal Cell Carcinomas by Up-regulating Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 Expression J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 41889 - 41897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Zhu, M. R. Spitz, L. Lei, G. B. Mills, and X. Wu A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Promoter Enhances Lung Cancer Susceptibility Cancer Res., November 1, 2001; 61(21): 7825 - 7829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. C. Durkan, J. E. Nutt, P. H. Rajjayabun, D. E. Neal, J. Lunec, and J. K. Mellon Prognostic Significance of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in Voided Urine Samples from Patients with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2001; 7(11): 3450 - 3456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T. Ho, E. B. Voura, P. D. Soloway, K. L. M. Watson, and R. Khokha MMP Inhibitors Augment Fibroblast Adhesion through Stabilization of Focal Adhesion Contacts and Up-regulation of Cadherin Function J. Biol. Chem., October 19, 2001; 276(43): 40215 - 40224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Davies, W. G. Jiang, and M. D. Mason Matrilysin Mediates Extracellular Cleavage of E-Cadherin from Prostate Cancer Cells: A Key Mechanism in Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor-induced Cell-Cell Dissociation and in Vitro Invasion Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 7(10): 3289 - 3297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Hoekstra, F.A.L.M. Eskens, and J. Verweij Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: Current Developments and Future Perspectives Oncologist, October 1, 2001; 6(5): 415 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. B. Seftor, E. A. Seftor, N. Koshikawa, P. S. Meltzer, L. M. G. Gardner, M. Bilban, W. G. Stetler-Stevenson, V. Quaranta, and M. J. C. Hendrix Cooperative Interactions of Laminin 5 {gamma}2 Chain, Matrix Metalloproteinase-2, and Membrane Type-1-Matrix/Metalloproteinase Are Required for Mimicry of Embryonic Vasculogenesis by Aggressive Melanoma Cancer Res., September 1, 2001; 61(17): 6322 - 6327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Hulboy, L. M. Matrisian, and H. C. Crawford Loss of JunB Activity Enhances Stromelysin 1 Expression in a Model of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition of Mouse Skin Tumors Mol. Cell. Biol., August 15, 2001; 21(16): 5478 - 5487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. R. Hess and J. L. Abbruzzese Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition of Pancreatic Cancer: Matching Mechanism of Action to Clinical Trial Design J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 2001; 19(15): 3445 - 3446. [Full Text] [PDF]
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