© 1996 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 88, No. 21, 1550-1559,
November 6, 1996
© 1996 Oxford University Press
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer and for Intervention Effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Departments of Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Washington Seattle
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Departments of Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Swedish Hospital Tumor Institute Seattle
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco
Department of Medicine, Yale University New Haven, CT
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Portland, OR
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore
Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California/Irvine Orange
Departments of Environmental Health and Pathology, University of Washington Orange
Gilbert S. Omenn, M.D., Ph.D., Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1124 Columbia St., MP-859, Seattle, WA 98104.
Background: Evidence has accumulated from observational studies that people eating more fruits and vegetables, which are rich in 
-carotene (a violet to yellow plant pigment that acts as an antioxidant and can be converted to vitamin A by enzymes in the intestinal wall and liver) and retinol (an alcohol chemical form of vitamin A), and people having higher serum -carotene concentrations had lower rates of lung cancer. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) tested the combination of 30 mg -carotene and 25 000 IU retinyl palmitate (vitamin A) taken daily against placebo in 18 314 men and women at high risk of developing lung cancer. The CARET intervention was stopped 21 months early because of clear evidence of no benefit and substantial evidence of possible harm; there were 28% more lung cancers and 17% more deaths in the active intervention group (active = the daily combination of 30 mg -carotene and 25 000 IU retinyl palmitate). Promptly after the January 18, 1996, announcement that the CARET active intervention had been stopped, we published preliminary findings from CARET regarding cancer, heart disease, and total mortality. Purpose: We present for the first time results based on the pre-specified analytic method, details about risk factors for lung cancer, and analyses of subgroups and of factors that possibly influence response to the intervention. Methods: CARET was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial, initiated with a pilot phase and then expanded 10-fold at six study centers. Cigarette smoking history and status and alcohol intake were assessed through participant self-report. Serum was collected from the participants at base line and periodically after randomization and was analyzed for -carotene concentration. An Endpoints Review Committee evaluated endpoint reports, including pathologic review of tissue specimens. The primary analysis is a stratified logrank test for intervention arm differences in lung cancer incidence, with weighting linearly to hypothesized full effect at 24 months after randomization. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated by use of Cox regression models; tests were performed for quantitative and qualitative interactions between the intervention and smoking status or alcohol intake. O'Brien-Fleming boundaries were used for stopping criteria at interim analyses. Statistical significance was set at the.05 
value, and all P values were derived from two-sided statistical tests. Results: According to CARET's pre-specified analysis, there was an RR of 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07–1.73; P =.01) for weighted lung cancer incidence for the active intervention group compared with the placebo group, and RR = 1.59 (95% CI = 1.13–2.23; P =.01) for weighted lung cancer mortality. All subgroups, except former smokers, had a point estimate of RR of 1.10 or greater for lung cancer. There are suggestions of associations of the excess lung cancer incidence with the highest quartile of alcohol intake (RR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.28–3.09; test for heterogeneity of RR among quartiles of alcohol intake has P =.01, unadjusted for multiple comparisons) and with large-cell histology (RR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.09–3.26; test for heterogeneity among histologic categories has P =.35), but not with base-line serum B-carotene concentrations. Conclusions: CARET participants receiving the combination of -carotene and vitamin A had no chemopreventive benefit and had excess lung cancer incidence and mortality. The results are highly consistent with those found for -carotene in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study in 29 133 male smokers in Finland. Implications: Individuals at high risk of developing lung cancer, i.e., current smokers and asbestos-exposed workers, should be discouraged from taking supplemental -carotene (and the combination of -carotene with vitamin A). Safety and efficacy should be demonstrated before recommending use of vitamin supplements in any population. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1550–9]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
Online Perspectives about this Classic Article
-
-Carotene and Lung Cancer: A Lesson for Future Chemoprevention Investigations?
- Peter Greenwald
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 95: 1E.[Extract] [Full Text]
-
CORRESPONDENCE: Re: -Carotene and Lung Cancer: A Lesson for Future Chemoprevention Investigations?
- Daniel O. Stram and Anna H. Wu
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 95: 4E.[Extract] [Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J.-Y. Choi, M. L. Neuhouser, M. J. Barnett, C.-C. Hong, A. R. Kristal, M. D. Thornquist, I. B. King, G. E. Goodman, and C. B. Ambrosone Iron intake, oxidative stress-related genes (MnSOD and MPO) and prostate cancer risk in CARET cohort Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2008; 29(5): 964 - 970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Watters, J. A. Satia, L. L. Kupper, J. A. Swenberg, J. C. Schroeder, and B. R. Switzer Associations of Antioxidant Nutrients and Oxidative DNA Damage in Healthy African-American and White Adults Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2007; 16(7): 1428 - 1436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Neuhouser, M. J. Barnett, A. R. Kristal, C. B. Ambrosone, I. King, M. Thornquist, and G. Goodman (n-6) PUFA Increase and Dairy Foods Decrease Prostate Cancer Risk in Heavy Smokers J. Nutr., July 1, 2007; 137(7): 1821 - 1827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-Y. Choi, M. L. Neuhouser, M. Barnett, M. Hudson, A. R. Kristal, M. Thornquist, I. B. King, G. E. Goodman, and C. B. Ambrosone Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress-Related Genes Are Not Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk in Heavy Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2007; 16(6): 1115 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Lawson, M. E. Wright, A. Subar, T. Mouw, A. Hollenbeck, A. Schatzkin, and M. F. Leitzmann Multivitamin Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study J Natl Cancer Inst, May 16, 2007; 99(10): 754 - 764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Peters, M. F. Leitzmann, N. Chatterjee, Y. Wang, D. Albanes, E. P. Gelmann, M. D. Friesen, E. Riboli, and R. B. Hayes Serum Lycopene, Other Carotenoids, and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Nested Case-Control Study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2007; 16(5): 962 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Puntoni, S. Zanardi, D. Branchi, S. Bruno, A. Curotto, M. Varaldo, P. Bruzzi, and A. Decensi Prognostic Effect of DNA Aneuploidy from Bladder Washings in Superficial Bladder Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2007; 16(5): 979 - 983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Parimon, J. W. Chien, C. L. Bryson, M. B. McDonell, E. M. Udris, and D. H. Au Inhaled Corticosteroids and Risk of Lung Cancer among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 1, 2007; 175(7): 712 - 719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Granville, N. Warfel, J. Tsurutani, M. C. Hollander, M. Robertson, S. D. Fox, T. D. Veenstra, H. J. Issaq, R. I. Linnoila, and P. A. Dennis Identification of a Highly Effective Rapamycin Schedule that Markedly Reduces the Size, Multiplicity, and Phenotypic Progression of Tobacco Carcinogen-Induced Murine Lung Tumors Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2007; 13(7): 2281 - 2289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. B. Michaud, J. P. Karpinski, K. L. Jones, and J. Espirito Dietary supplements in patients with cancer: Risks and key concepts, part 1 Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., February 15, 2007; 64(4): 369 - 381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Ho, M. Chan-Yeung, S. P. Ho, J. C. Mak, M. S. Ip, G. C. Ooi, M. P. Wong, K. W. Tsang, and W. K. Lam Disturbance of systemic antioxidant profile in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2007; 29(2): 273 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Mannisto, S.-S. Yaun, D. J. Hunter, D. Spiegelman, H.-O. Adami, D. Albanes, P. A. van den Brandt, J. E. Buring, J. R. Cerhan, G. A. Colditz, et al. Dietary Carotenoids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohort Studies Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2007; 165(3): 246 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palozza, S. Serini, S. Trombino, L. Lauriola, F.O. Ranelletti, and G. Calviello Dual role of {beta}-carotene in combination with cigarette smoke aqueous extract on the formation of mutagenic lipid peroxidation products in lung membranes: dependence on pO2 Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2006; 27(12): 2383 - 2391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Hayward, T. P. Hofer, and S. Vijan Narrative review: lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: a solvable problem. Ann Intern Med, October 3, 2006; 145(7): 520 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Davies, G. Davey Smith, R. Harbord, G. E. Bekkering, J. A. C. Sterne, R. Beynon, and S. Thomas Nutritional interventions and outcome in patients with cancer or preinvasive lesions: systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst, July 19, 2006; 98(14): 961 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. L Halvorsen, M. H Carlsen, K. M Phillips, S. K Bohn, K. Holte, D. R Jacobs Jr, and R. Blomhoff Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 95 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. El-Bayoumy, A. Das, B. Narayanan, N. Narayanan, E. S. Fiala, D. Desai, C. V. Rao, S. Amin, and R. Sinha Molecular targets of the chemopreventive agent 1,4-phenylenebis (methylene)-selenocyanate in human non-small cell lung cancer Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2006; 27(7): 1369 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Kim, N. Chongviriyaphan, C. Liu, R. M. Russell, and X.-D. Wang Combined antioxidant ({beta}-carotene, {alpha}-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the ferret lung cancer model Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2006; 27(7): 1410 - 1419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Buchanan Perspective: A New Ethic for Health Promotion: Reflections on a Philosophy of Health Education for the 21st Century Health Educ Behav, June 1, 2006; 33(3): 290 - 304. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.J. Alija, N. Bresgen, O. Sommerburg, C.D. Langhans, W. Siems, and P.M. Eckl {beta}-Carotene breakdown products enhance genotoxic effects of oxidative stress in primary rat hepatocytes Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2006; 27(6): 1128 - 1133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. I. Fenton and N. G. Hord Stage matters: choosing relevant model systems to address hypotheses in diet and cancer chemoprevention research Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2006; 27(5): 893 - 902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Goodman, M. D. Thornquist, C. Edelstein, and G. S. Omenn Biorepositories: Let's Not Lose What We Have So Carefully Gathered! Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 599 - 601. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. W. Moss Should patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy be prescribed antioxidants? Integr Cancer Ther, March 1, 2006; 5(1): 63 - 82. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Brodkin, J. R. Balmes, C. A. Redlich, and M. R. Cullen Residential proximity to naturally occurring asbestos: health risk or ecologic fallacy? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2006; 173(5): 573 - 573. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. M. Zornoff, L. S. Matsubara, B. B. Matsubara, M. P. Okoshi, K. Okoshi, M. Dal Pai-Silva, R. F. Carvalho, A. C. Cicogna, C. R. Padovani, E. L. Novelli, et al. Beta-Carotene Supplementation Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling Induced by One-Month Tobacco-Smoke Exposure in Rats Toxicol. Sci., March 1, 2006; 90(1): 259 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. A. Kirsh, R. B. Hayes, S. T. Mayne, N. Chatterjee, A. F. Subar, L. B. Dixon, D. Albanes, G. L. Andriole, D. A. Urban, and U. Peters Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst, February 15, 2006; 98(4): 245 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Vitamin Supplements Obstet. Gynecol., January 1, 2006; 107(1): 174 - 176. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhang, R. G. Munger, N. A. West, D. R. Cutler, H. J. Wengreen, and C. D. Corcoran Antioxidant Intake and Risk of Osteoporotic Hip Fracture in Utah: An Effect Modified by Smoking Status Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2006; 163(1): 9 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A. Aliyu, M. R. Cullen, M. J. Barnett, J. R. Balmes, B. Cartmel, C. A. Redlich, C. A. Brodkin, S. Barnhart, L. Rosenstock, L. Israel, et al. Evidence for Excess Colorectal Cancer Incidence among Asbestos-exposed Men in the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2005; 162(9): 868 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Gritz, C. Dresler, and L. Sarna Smoking, The Missing Drug Interaction in Clinical Trials: Ignoring the Obvious Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2005; 14(10): 2287 - 2293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. E. Miller Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer: 100 Year Report Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., September 1, 2005; 33(3): 216 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Hix, D. A. Frey, M. D. McLaws, M. Osterlie, S. F. Lockwood, and J. S. Bertram Inhibition of chemically-induced neoplastic transformation by a novel tetrasodium diphosphate astaxanthin derivative Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2005; 26(9): 1634 - 1641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Camphausen, D. Citrin, M. C. Krishna, and J. B. Mitchell Implications for Tumor Control During Protection of Normal Tissues With Antioxidants J. Clin. Oncol., August 20, 2005; 23(24): 5455 - 5457. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. W. FINLEY Proposed Criteria for Assessing the Efficacy of Cancer Reduction by Plant Foods Enriched in Carotenoids, Glucosinolates, Polyphenols and Selenocompounds Ann. Bot., June 1, 2005; 95(7): 1075 - 1096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. B. King, A. R. Kristal, S. Schaffer, M. Thornquist, and G. E. Goodman Serum Trans-Fatty Acids Are Associated with Risk of Prostate Cancer in {beta}-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 988 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-H. Tung, L. R. Wilkens, A. H. Wu, K. McDuffie, J. H. Hankin, A. M.Y. Nomura, L. N. Kolonel, and M. T. Goodman Association of Dietary Vitamin A, Carotenoids, and Other Antioxidants with the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 669 - 676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Serrano, L. Baglietto, H. Johansson, F. Mariette, R. Torrisi, M. Onetto, M. Paganuzzi, and A. Decensi Effect of the Synthetic Retinoid Fenretinide on Circulating Free Prostate-Specific Antigen, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Levels in Men with Superficial Bladder Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2005; 11(5): 2083 - 2088. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Cullen, M. J. Barnett, J. R. Balmes, B. Cartmel, C. A. Redlich, C. A. Brodkin, S. Barnhart, L. Rosenstock, G. E. Goodman, S. P. Hammar, et al. Predictors of Lung Cancer among Asbestos-exposed Men in the {beta}-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2005; 161(3): 260 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Taylor and P. Greenwald Nutritional Interventions in Cancer Prevention J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2005; 23(2): 333 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Mooney, A. M. Madsen, D. Tang, M. A. Orjuela, W.-Y. Tsai, E. R. Garduno, and F. P. Perera Antioxidant Vitamin Supplementation Reduces Benzo(a)pyrene-DNA Adducts and Potential Cancer Risk in Female Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 237 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Alfano, R. C. Klesges, D. M. Murray, D. J. Bowen, A. McTiernan, M. W. Vander Weg, L. A. Robinson, B. Cartmel, M. D. Thornquist, M. Barnett, et al. Physical Activity in Relation to All-Site and Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Current and Former Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2004; 13(12): 2233 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Goodman, M. D. Thornquist, J. Balmes, M. R. Cullen, F. L. Meyskens Jr., G. S. Omenn, B. Valanis, and J. H. Williams Jr. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial: Incidence of Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality During 6-Year Follow-up After Stopping {beta}-Carotene and Retinol Supplements J Natl Cancer Inst, December 1, 2004; 96(23): 1743 - 1750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Schabath, H. B. Grossman, G. L. Delclos, L. M. Hernandez, R. S. Day, B. R. Davis, S. P. Lerner, M. R. Spitz, and X. Wu Dietary Carotenoids and Genetic Instability Modify Bladder Cancer Risk J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3362 - 3369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Littman, E. White, L. A. Jackson, M. D. Thornquist, C. A. Gaydos, G. E. Goodman, and T. L. Vaughan Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Risk of Lung Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2004; 13(10): 1624 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Clifton, M. Noakes, D. Ross, A. Fassoulakis, M. Cehun, and P. Nestel High dietary intake of phytosterol esters decreases carotenoids and increases plasma plant sterol levels with no additional cholesterol lowering J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2004; 45(8): 1493 - 1499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palozza, S. Serini, F. Di Nicuolo, A. Boninsegna, A. Torsello, N. Maggiano, F. O. Ranelletti, F. I. Wolf, G. Calviello, and A. Cittadini {beta}-Carotene exacerbates DNA oxidative damage and modifies p53-related pathways of cell proliferation and apoptosis in cultured cells exposed to tobacco smoke condensate Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2004; 25(8): 1315 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. S. Tsao, E. S. Kim, and W. K. Hong Chemoprevention of Cancer CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2004; 54(3): 150 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.J. Alija, N. Bresgen, O. Sommerburg, W. Siems, and P.M. Eckl Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of {beta}-carotene breakdown products on primary rat hepatocytes Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2004; 25(5): 827 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Omenn Human Lung Cancer Chemoprevention Strategies: Parker B. Francis Lecture Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5_suppl): 123S - 127S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. Carbone Lung Cancer: Early Events, Early Interventions: Conference Summary for the 46th Annual Thomas L. Petty Aspen Lung Conference Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5_suppl): 167S - 172S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M Fujita, Q Ye, H Ouchi, N Nakashima, N Hamada, N Hagimoto, K Kuwano, R J Mason, and Y Nakanishi Retinoic acid fails to reverse emphysema in adult mouse models Thorax, March 1, 2004; 59(3): 224 - 230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Svilaas, A. K. Sakhi, L. F. Andersen, T. Svilaas, E. C. Strom, D. R. Jacobs Jr., L. Ose, and R. Blomhoff Intakes of Antioxidants in Coffee, Wine, and Vegetables Are Correlated with Plasma Carotenoids in Humans J. Nutr., March 1, 2004; 134(3): 562 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Pierce, V. A. Newman, S. W. Flatt, S. Faerber, C. L. Rock, L. Natarajan, B. J. Caan, E. B. Gold, K. A. Hollenbach, L. Wasserman, et al. Telephone Counseling Intervention Increases Intakes of Micronutrient- and Phytochemical-Rich Vegetables, Fruit and Fiber in Breast Cancer Survivors J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 452 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Murtaugh, K.-n. Ma, J. Benson, K. Curtin, B. Caan, and M. L. Slattery Antioxidants, Carotenoids, and Risk of Rectal Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2004; 159(1): 32 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
<