© 1995 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 87, No. 9, 670-675,
May 3, 1995
© 1995 Oxford University Press
Quantitative Classification of Mammographic Densities and Breast Cancer Risk: Results From the Canadian National Breast Screening Study
1Division of Preventive Oncology, The Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation, Ontario Cancer Institute Toronto, Canada
2Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, Ontario Cancer Institute Toronto, Canada
3Richmann Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto
4Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto
5Department of Radiology, Women's College Hospital Toronto
6Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto
BACKGROUND:: The radiographic appearance of the female breast varies from woman to woman depending on the relative amounts of fat and connective and epithelial tissues present. Variations in the mammographic density of breast tissue are referred to as the parenchymal pattern of the breast. Fat is radiologically translucent or clear (darker appearance), and both connective and epithelial tissues are radiologically dense (lighter appearance). Previous studies have generally supported an association between parenchymal patterns and breast cancer risk(greater risk with increasing densities), but there has been considerable heterogeneity in risk estimates reported. Purpose: Our objective was to determine the level of breast cancer risk associated with varying mammographic densities by quantitatively classifying breast density with conventional radiological methods and novel computer-assisted methods. Methods: From the medical records of a cohort of 45 000 women assigned to mammography in the Canadian National Breast Cancer Screening Study (NBSS), a multicenter, randomized trial, mammograms from 354 case subjects and 354 control subjects were identified. Case subjects were selected from those women in whom histologically verified invasive breast cancer had developed 12 months or more after entering the trial. Control subjects were selected from those of similar age who, after a similar period of observation, had not developed breast cancer. The mammogram taken at the beginning of the NBSS was the image used for measurements. Mammograms were classified into six categories of density, either by radiologists or by computer-assisted measurements. All radiological classification and computer-assisted measurements were made using one craniocaudal view from the breast contralateral to the cancer site in case subjects and the corresponding breast of control subjects. All P values represent two-sided tests of statistical significance. Results: For all subjects, there was a 43% increase in the relative risk (RR) between the lower and the next higher category of density, as determined by radiologists, and there was a 32% increase as determined by the computer-assisted method. For all subjects, the RR in the most extensive category relative to the least was 6.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.82–12.97) for radiologists and 4.04 (95% CI = 2.12–7.69) for computer-assisted methods. Statistically significant increases in breast cancer risk associated with increasing mammographic density were found by both radiologists and computer-assisted methods for women in the age category 40–49 years (P =.005 for radiologists and P = .003 for computer-assisted measurements) and the age category 50–59 years (P =.002 for radiologists and P =. 001 for computer-assisted measurements). Conclusion: These results show that increases in the level of breast tissue density as assessed by mammography are associated with increases in risk for breast cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 670–675, 1995]
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C. Diorio, M. Pollak, C. Byrne, B. Masse, N. Hebert-Croteau, M. Yaffe, G. Cote, S. Berube, and J. Brisson Levels of C-Peptide and Mammographic Breast Density Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2005; 14(11): 2661 - 2664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M K Simick and L Lilge Optical transillumination spectroscopy to quantify parenchymal tissue density: an indicator for breast cancer risk Br. J. Radiol., November 1, 2005; 78(935): 1009 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A. Greendale, S. L. Palla, G. Ursin, G. A. Laughlin, C. Crandall, M. C. Pike, and B. A. Reboussin The Association of Endogenous Sex Steroids and Sex Steroid Binding Proteins with Mammographic Density: Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Mammographic Density Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2005; 162(9): 826 - 834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Maskarinec, I. Pagano, G. Lurie, L. R. Wilkens, and L. N. Kolonel Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2005; 162(8): 743 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. B. Travis, D. Hill, G. M. Dores, M. Gospodarowicz, F. E. van Leeuwen, E. Holowaty, B. Glimelius, M. Andersson, E. Pukkala, C. F. Lynch, et al. Cumulative Absolute Breast Cancer Risk for Young Women Treated for Hodgkin Lymphoma J Natl Cancer Inst, October 5, 2005; 97(19): 1428 - 1437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. McTiernan, C. F. Martin, J. D. Peck, A. K. Aragaki, R. T. Chlebowski, E. D. Pisano, C. Y. Wang, R. L. Brunner, K. C. Johnson, J. E. Manson, et al. Estrogen-Plus-Progestin Use and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women: Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial J Natl Cancer Inst, September 21, 2005; 97(18): 1366 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kerlikowske, J. Creasman, J. W. T. Leung, R. Smith-Bindman, and V. L. Ernster Differences in Screening Mammography Outcomes Among White, Chinese, and Filipino Women Arch Intern Med, September 12, 2005; 165(16): 1862 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Berube, C. Diorio, B. Masse, N. Hebert-Croteau, C. Byrne, G. Cote, M. Pollak, M. Yaffe, and J. Brisson Vitamin D and Calcium Intakes from Food or Supplements and Mammographic Breast Density Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2005; 14(7): 1653 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Aiello, S. S. Tworoger, Y. Yasui, F. Z. Stanczyk, J. Potter, C. M. Ulrich, M. Irwin, and A. McTiernan Associations among Circulating Sex Hormones, Insulin-Like Growth Factor, Lipids, and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1411 - 1417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Torres-Mejia, B. De Stavola, D. S. Allen, J. J. Perez-Gavilan, J. M. Ferreira, I. S. Fentiman, and I. dos Santos Silva Mammographic Features and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer: A Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluations in the Guernsey Prospective Studies Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1052 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Diorio, M. Pollak, C. Byrne, B. Masse, N. Hebert-Croteau, M. Yaffe, G. Cote, S. Berube, C. Morin, and J. Brisson Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, IGF-Binding Protein-3, and Mammographic Breast Density Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1065 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kerlikowske, J. Shepherd, J. Creasman, J. A. Tice, E. Ziv, and S. R. Cummings Are Breast Density and Bone Mineral Density Independent Risk Factors for Breast Cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst, March 2, 2005; 97(5): 368 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Aiello, D. S.M. Buist, E. White, and P. L. Porter Association between Mammographic Breast Density and Breast Cancer Tumor Characteristics Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 662 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. E. Lonning Exemestane for Breast Cancer Prevention: A Feasible Strategy? Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 11(2): 918s - 924s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Heng, F. Gao, R. Jong, E. Fishell, M. Yaffe, L. Martin, T. Li, J. Stone, L. Sun, J. Hopper, et al. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Associated with Mammographic Features in Singaporean Chinese Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2004; 13(11): 1751 - 1758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Berube, C. Diorio, W. Verhoek-Oftedahl, and J. Brisson Vitamin D, Calcium, and Mammographic Breast Densities Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2004; 13(9): 1466 - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Ursin, S. L. Palla, B. A. Reboussin, S. Slone, C. Wasilauskas, M. C. Pike, and G. A. Greendale Post-Treatment Change in Serum Estrone Predicts Mammographic Percent Density Changes in Women Who Received Combination Estrogen and Progestin in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial J. Clin. Oncol., July 15, 2004; 22(14): 2842 - 2848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. Frankenfeld, A. McTiernan, E. J. Aiello, W. K. Thomas, K. LaCroix, J. Schramm, S. M. Schwartz, V. L. Holt, and J. W. Lampe Mammographic Density in Relation to Daidzein-Metabolizing Phenotypes in Overweight, Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2004; 13(7): 1156 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. G. Richards, D. M. Klotz, M. P. Walker, and R. P. DiAugustine Mammary Gland Branching Morphogenesis Is Diminished in Mice with a Deficiency of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I), But Not in Mice with a Liver-Specific Deletion of IGF-I Endocrinology, July 1, 2004; 145(7): 3106 - 3110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Decensi, B. Bonanni, L. Baglietto, A. Guerrieri-Gonzaga, F. Ramazzotto, H. Johansson, C. Robertson, I. Marinucci, F. Mariette, M. T. Sandri, et al. A Two-by-Two Factorial Trial Comparing Oral with Transdermal Estrogen Therapy and Fenretinide with Placebo on Breast Cancer Biomarkers Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2004; 10(13): 4389 - 4397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Vacek and B. M. Geller A Prospective Study of Breast Cancer Risk Using Routine Mammographic Breast Density Measurements Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2004; 13(5): 715 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Cuzick, J. Warwick, E. Pinney, R. M. L. Warren, and S. W. Duffy Tamoxifen and Breast Density in Women at Increased Risk of Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, April 21, 2004; 96(8): 621 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Lai, D. Vesprini, W. Zhang, M. J. Yaffe, M. Pollak, and S. A. Narod A Polymorphic Locus in the Promoter Region of the IGFBP3 Gene Is Related to Mammographic Breast Density Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2004; 13(4): 573 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Jamal, K.-H. Ng, D. McLean, L.-M. Looi, and F. Moosa Mammographic Breast Glandularity in Malaysian Women: Data Derived from Radiography Am. J. Roentgenol., March 1, 2004; 182(3): 713 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. O. Lillie, L. Bernstein, S. A. Ingles, W. J. Gauderman, G. E. Rivas, V. Gagalang, T. Krontiris, and G. Ursin Polymorphism in the Androgen Receptor and Mammographic Density in Women Taking and Not Taking Estrogen and Progestin Therapy Cancer Res., February 15, 2004; 64(4): 1237 - 1241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Chen, A. H. Wu, W. J. Gauderman, L. Bernstein, H. Ma, M. C. Pike, and G. Ursin Does Mammographic Density Reflect Ethnic Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates? Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2004; 159(2): 140 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Harvey and V. E. Bovbjerg Quantitative Assessment of Mammographic Breast Density: Relationship with Breast Cancer Risk Radiology, January 1, 2004; 230(1): 29 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ziv, J. Shepherd, R. Smith-Bindman, and K. Kerlikowske RESPONSE: Re: Mammographic Breast Density and Family History of Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, November 19, 2003; 95(22): 1726 - 1727. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Brisson, C. Diorio, and B. Masse Wolfe's Parenchymal Pattern and Percentage of the Breast with Mammographic Densities: Redundant or Complementary Classifications? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 728 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Stone, A. Gunasekara, L. J. Martin, M. Yaffe, S. Minkin, and N. F. Boyd The Detection of Change in Mammographic Density Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2003; 12(7): 625 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Roubidoux, J. S. Kaur, K. A. Griffith, J. Sloan, C. Wilson, P. Novotny, and M. Lobell Correlates of Mammogram Density in Southwestern Native-American Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2003; 12(6): 552 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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