© 1994 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 86, No. 8, 589-599,
April 20, 1994
© 1994 Oxford University Press
Breast Cancer and Serum Organochlorines: a Prospective Study Among White, Black, and Asian Women
N Kneger, R A. Hiatt, Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute Oakland, Calif.
M S Wolff, M. Rivera, Division of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital New York, N Y
J Vogelman, N Orentreich, Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc. Cold Spring-on-Hudson, NY
Nancy Kneger, Ph D., Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, 3451 Piedmont Ave, Oakland, CA 94611
Background: Five small case-control studies have examined the relationship between exposure to organochlorines and the risk of breast cancer and have found inconsistent results. In these studies, organochlorine levels in breast cancer patients were measured after (or at most 6 months before) diagnosis. Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that organochlorines are a risk factor for breast cancer, using prospectively gathered data on serum levels of DDE [1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] (the main metabolite of the pesticide DDT [2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1, 1, 1-trichloroethane]) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Methods: Study subjects belonged to a cohort of 57 040 women (46 629 white, 8123 black, and 2288 Asian) from the San Francisco Bay Area who took a multiphasic health examination, independent of concern about risk of breast cancer, in the late 1960s. At that time, a sample of blood was obtained, then frozen and stored. Follow-up was through December 31, 1990. We conducted a nested case-control study of 150 case patients and 150 matched control subjects. A random sample of 50 women per racial/ethnic group who had been diagnosed with breast cancer more than 6 months after the multiphasic examination (mean follow-up = 14.2 years) was selected, and each case patient was matched to a cancer-free control subject. Results: Matched analyses found no differences in the case patients‘ and control subjects’ serum levels of DDE (mean difference = 0.2 parts per billion [ppb]; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.7, 7.2) or PCBs (mean difference = -0.4 ppb; 95% CI = -0.8, 0.1). DDE levels, however, tended to be higher among black case patients compared with black controls (mean difference = 5.7 ppb; 95% CI =-3.3, 14.8), and PCBs were lower among white case patients compared with white controls (mean difference = -0.6 ppb; 95% CI = -1.2, -0.1). Organochlorine levels were significantly higher among black and Asian women compared with white women. The mean difference for DDE was 11.0 ppb for black women (95% CI = 4.3, 17.6) and 12.6 ppb for Asian women (95% CI = 6.0, 19.2); for PCBs, the respective differences were 0.8 ppb for black women (95% CI = 0.2, 1.4) and 1.4 ppb for Asian women (95% CI = 0.8, 1.9). The results were not altered by adjusting for relevant confounders, and the lack of association between exposure to organochlorines and breast cancer was present regardless of length of follow-up, year of diagnosis, or the case patient‘s menopausal and estrogen-receptor status. Conclusion: The data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to DDE and PCBs increases risk of breast cancer. Implications: Future investigations must consider the biologic mechanisms involved and variations in exposure to chemical pollutants and of breast cancer incidence rates among diverse groups of women. [J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 589–599, 1994]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  P. Boffetta, J. K. McLaughlin, C. La Vecchia, R. E. Tarone, L. Lipworth, and W. J. Blot False-Positive Results in Cancer Epidemiology: A Plea for Epistemological Modesty J Natl Cancer Inst, July 16, 2008; 100(14): 988 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Caserta, L. Maranghi, A. Mantovani, R. Marci, F. Maranghi, and M. Moscarini Impact of endocrine disruptor chemicals in gynaecology Hum. Reprod. Update, January 1, 2008; 14(1): 59 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. G. Shields Understanding population and individual risk assessment: the case of polychlorinated biphenyls. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 830 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Shen, D.-K. Li, J. Wu, Z. Zhang, and E. Gao Joint Effects of the CYP1A1 MspI, ER{alpha} PvuII, and ER{alpha} XbaI Polymorphisms on the Risk of Breast Cancer: Results from a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2006; 15(2): 342 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Farhang, J. M. Weintraub, M. Petreas, B. Eskenazi, and R. Bhatia Association of DDT and DDE with Birth Weight and Length of Gestation in the Child Health and Development Studies, 1959-1967 Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2005; 162(8): 717 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Rusiecki, A. Matthews, S. Sturgeon, R. Sinha, E. Pellizzari, T. Zheng, and D. Baris A Correlation Study of Organochlorine Levels in Serum, Breast Adipose Tissue, and Gluteal Adipose Tissue among Breast Cancer Cases in India Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1113 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. S. Engel, D. A. Hill, J. A. Hoppin, J. H. Lubin, C. F. Lynch, J. Pierce, C. Samanic, D. P. Sandler, A. Blair, and M. C. Alavanja Pesticide Use and Breast Cancer Risk among Farmers' Wives in the Agricultural Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2005; 161(2): 121 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Raaschou-Nielsen, M. Pavuk, A. LeBlanc, P. Dumas, J. Philippe Weber, A. Olsen, A. Tjonneland, K. Overvad, and J. H. Olsen Adipose Organochlorine Concentrations and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Danish Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 67 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhang, J. P. Wise, T. R. Holford, H. Xie, P. Boyle, S. H. Zahm, J. Rusiecki, K. Zou, B. Zhang, Y. Zhu, et al. Serum Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Cytochrome P-450 1A1 Polymorphisms, and Risk of Breast Cancer in Connecticut Women Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2004; 160(12): 1177 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Althuis, J. H. Fergenbaum, M. Garcia-Closas, L. A. Brinton, M. P. Madigan, and M. E. Sherman Etiology of Hormone Receptor-Defined Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2004; 13(10): 1558 - 1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Petreas, D. Smith, S. Hurley, S. S. Jeffrey, D. Gilliss, and P. Reynolds Distribution of Persistent, Lipid-Soluble Chemicals in Breast and Abdominal Adipose Tissues: Lessons Learned from a Breast Cancer Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2004; 13(3): 416 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. G. Foster, E. V. Younglai, O. Boutross-Tadross, C. L. Hughes, and M. G. Wade Mammary Gland Morphology in Sprague-Dawley Rats following Treatment with an Organochlorine Mixture in Utero and Neonatal Genistein Toxicol. Sci., January 1, 2004; 77(1): 91 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Daston, J. C. Cook, and R. J. Kavlock Uncertainties for Endocrine Disrupters: Our View on Progress Toxicol. Sci., August 1, 2003; 74(2): 245 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C Charlier, A Albert, P Herman, E Hamoir, U Gaspard, M Meurisse, and G Plomteux Breast cancer and serum organochlorine residues Occup. Environ. Med., May 1, 2003; 60(5): 348 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. L. DAVIS and P. S. WEBSTER The Social Context of Science: Cancer and the Environment The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November 1, 2002; 584(1): 13 - 34. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Pirozzo, D. Purdie, M. Kuiper-Linley, P. Webb, P. Harvey, A. Green, and C. Bain Ovarian Cancer, Cholesterol, and Eggs: A Case-Control Analysis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2002; 11(10): 1112 - 1114. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E. Calle, H. Frumkin, S. J. Henley, D. A. Savitz, and M. J. Thun Organochlorines and Breast Cancer Risk CA Cancer J Clin, September 1, 2002; 52(5): 301 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Demers, P. Ayotte, J. Brisson, S. Dodin, J. Robert, and E. Dewailly Plasma Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Congener-specific Analysis Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2002; 155(7): 629 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Krieger Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2001; 30(4): 668 - 677. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Jaga and H. Duvvi Risk reduction for DDT toxicity and carcinogenesis through dietary modification The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, June 1, 2001; 121(2): 107 - 113. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Laden, G. Collman, K. Iwamoto, A. J. Alberg, G. S. Berkowitz, J. L. Freudenheim, S. E. Hankinson, K. J. Helzlsouer, T. R. Holford, H.-Y. Huang, et al. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Breast Cancer: Combined Analysis of Five U.S. Studies J Natl Cancer Inst, May 16, 2001; 93(10): 768 - 775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. M Faroon, S. Keith, D. Jones, and C. De Rosa Carcinogenic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls Toxicology and Industrial Health, March 1, 2001; 17(2): 41 - 62. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. B. Michels, D. Trichopoulos, B. A. Rosner, D. J. Hunter, G. A. Colditz, S. E. Hankinson, F. E. Speizer, and W. C. Willett Being Breastfed in Infancy and Breast Cancer Incidence in Adult Life: Results from the Two Nurses' Health Studies Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2001; 153(3): 275 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Ward, P. Schulte, B. Grajewski, A. Andersen, D. G. Patterson Jr., W. Turner, E. Jellum, J. A. Deddens, J. Friedland, N. Roeleveld, et al. Serum Organochlorine Levels and Breast Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study of Norwegian Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1357 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Millikan, E. DeVoto, E. J. Duell, C.-K. Tse, D. A. Savitz, J. Beach, S. Edmiston, S. Jackson, and B. Newman Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Breast Cancer among African-American and White Women in North Carolina Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2000; 9(11): 1233 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Stellman, M. V. Djordjevic, J. A. Britton, J. E. Muscat, M. L. Citron, M. Kemeny, E. Busch, and L. Gong Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Adipose Concentrations of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Long Island, New York Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2000; 9(11): 1241 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Romieu, M. Hernandez-Avila, E. Lazcano-Ponce, J. P. Weber, and E. Dewailly Breast Cancer, Lactation History, and Serum Organochlorines Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2000; 152(4): 363 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Zheng, T. R. Holford, J. Tessari, S. T. Mayne, P. H. Owens, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. Boyle, R. Dubrow, S. Archibeque-Engle, et al. Breast Cancer Risk Associated with Congeners of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2000; 152(1): 50 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Bagga, K. H. Anders, H.-J. Wang, E. Roberts, and J. A. Glaspy Organochlorine Pesticide Content of Breast Adipose Tissue From Women With Breast Cancer and Control Subjects J Natl Cancer Inst, May 3, 2000; 92(9): 750 - 753. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Weiderpass, H.-O. Adami, J. A. Baron, A. Wicklund-Glynn, M. Aune, S. Atuma, and I. Persson Organochlorines and Endometrial Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2000; 9(5): 487 - 493. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Wolff, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, N. Dubin, and P. Toniolo Risk of Breast Cancer and Organochlorine Exposure Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2000; 9(3): 271 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Demers, P. Ayotte, J. Brisson, S. Dodin, J. Robert, and E. Dewailly Risk and Aggressiveness of Breast Cancer in Relation to Plasma Organochlorine Concentrations Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2000; 9(2): 161 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Zheng, T. R. Holford, S. T. Mayne, J. Tessari, B. Ward, D. Carter, P. H. Owens, P. Boyle, R. Dubrow, S. Archibeque-Engle, et al. Risk of Female Breast Cancer Associated with Serum Polychlorinated Biphenyls and 1,1-Dichloro-2,2'-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2000; 9(2): 167 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Aronson, A. B. Miller, C. G. Woolcott, E. E. Sterns, D. R. McCready, L. A. Lickley, E. B. Fish, G. Y. Hiraki, C. Holloway, T. Ross, et al. Breast Adipose Tissue Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Other Organochlorines and Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2000; 9(1): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Helzlsouer, A. J. Alberg, H.-Y. Huang, S. C. Hoffman, P. T. Strickland, J. W. Brock, V. W. Burse, L. L. Needham, D. A. Bell, J. A. Lavigne, et al. Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Compounds and the Subsequent Development of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 1999; 8(6): 525 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Zheng, T. R. Holford, S. T. Mayne, J. Tessari, P. H. Owens, S. H. Zahm, B. Zhang, R. Dubrow, B. Ward, D. Carter, et al. Environmental Exposure to Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and Risk of Female Breast Cancer in Connecticut Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 1999; 8(5): 407 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. B. Moysich, P. G. Shields, J. L. Freudenheim, E. F. Schisterman, J. E. Vena, P. Kostyniak, H. Greizerstein, J. R. Marshall, S. Graham, and C. B. Ambrosone Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Cytochrome P4501A1 Polymorphism, and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 1999; 8(1): 41 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. S. vom Saal, W. V. Welshons, L. G. Hansen, E. O. Talbott, J. V. Zborowski, L. H. Kuller, M. D. Gammon, M. B. Terry, S. L. Teitelbaum, J. A. Britton, et al. Organochlorine Residues and Breast Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., April 2, 1998; 338(14): 988 - 991. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. P. Perera Environment and Cancer: Who Are Susceptible? Science, November 7, 1997; 278(5340): 1068 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Hunter, S. E. Hankinson, F. Laden, G. A. Colditz, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, F. E. Speizer, and M. S. Wolff Plasma Organochlorine Levels and the Risk of Breast Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., October 30, 1997; 337(18): 1253 - 1258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Safe Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., October 30, 1997; 337(18): 1303 - 1304. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Feldman M.D. Editorial: Estrogens from Plastic--Are We Being Exposed? Endocrinology, May 1, 1997; 138(5): 1777 - 1779. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Environmental Estrogens: Disease Agents? Journal Watch Women's Health, November 1, 1996; 1996(1101): 21 - 21. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Key and G Reeves Organochlorines in the environment and breast cancer BMJ, June 11, 1994; 308(6943): 1520 - 1521. [Full Text]
|
|