© 1993 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 85, No. 22, 1819-1827,
November 17, 1993
© 1993 Oxford University Press
Migration Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian-American Women
Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Md.
Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine Los Angeles
Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Honolulu
Northern California Cancer Center Union City
Westat, Inc. Rockville, Md.
Information Management Services, Inc. Rockville
Correspondence to: Regina G. Ziegler, Ph.D., Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North 443, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Background: Breast cancer incidence rates have historically been 4–7 times higher in the United States than in China or Japan, although the reasons remain elusive. When Chinese, Japanese, or Filipino women migrate to the United States, breast cancer risk rises over several generations and approaches that among U.S. Whites. Purpose: Our objective was to quantify breast cancer risks associated with the various migration patterns of Asian-American women. Methods: A population-based, case-control study of breast cancer among women of Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino ethnicities, aged 20–55 years, was conducted during 1983–1987 in San Francisco—Oakland, California, Los Angeles, California, and Oahu, Hawaii. We successfully interviewed 597 case subjects (70% of those eligible) and 966 control subjects (75%). Results: A sixfold gradient in breast cancer risk by migration patterns was observed. Asian-American women born in the West had a breast cancer risk 60% higher than Asian-American women born in the East. Among those born in the West, risk was determined by whether their grandparents, especially grandmothers, were born in the East or the West. Asian-American women with three or four grandparents born in the West had a risk 50% higher than those with all grandparents born in the East. Among the Asian-American women born in the East, breast cancer risk was determined by whether their communities prior to migration were rural or urban and by the number of years subsequently lived in the West. Migrants from urban areas had a risk 30% higher than migrants from rural areas. Migrants who had lived in the West for a decade or longer had a risk 80% higher than more recent migrants. Risk was unrelated to age at migration for women migrating at ages less than 36 years. Ethnic-specific incidence rates of breast cancer in the migrating generation were clearly elevated above those in the countries of origin, while rates in Asian-Americans born in the West approximated the U.S. White rate. Conclusions: Exposure to Western lifestyles had a substantial impact on breast cancer risk in Asian migrants to the United States during their lifetime. There was no direct evidence of an especially susceptible period, during either menarche or early reproductive life. Implications: Because heterogeneity in breast cancer risk in these ethnic populations is similar to that in international comparisons and because analytic epidemiologic studies offer the opportunity to disentangle correlated exposures, this study should provide new insights into the etiology of breast cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1819–1827, 1993]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. G. Brody, R. Morello-Frosch, A. Zota, P. Brown, C. Perez, and R. A. Rudel Linking Exposure Assessment Science With Policy Objectives for Environmental Justice and Breast Cancer Advocacy: The Northern California Household Exposure Study Am J Public Health, November 1, 2009; 99(S3): S600 - S609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Fuhrman, R. Pfeiffer, X. Xu, A. H. Wu, L. Korde, M. H. Gail, L. K. Keefer, T. D. Veenstra, R. N. Hoover, and R. G. Ziegler Soy Intake is Associated with Increased 2-Hydroxylation and Decreased 16{alpha}-Hydroxylation of Estrogens in Asian-American Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2009; 18(10): 2751 - 2760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. T. Goodman, Y. B. Shvetsov, L. R. Wilkens, A. A. Franke, L. Le Marchand, K. K. Kakazu, A. M.Y. Nomura, B. E. Henderson, and L. N. Kolonel Urinary Phytoestrogen Excretion and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study Cancer Prevention Research, October 1, 2009; 2(10): 887 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.R.M. R. Amin, O. Kucuk, F. R. Khuri, and D. M. Shin Perspectives for Cancer Prevention With Natural Compounds J. Clin. Oncol., June 1, 2009; 27(16): 2712 - 2725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Korde, A. H. Wu, T. Fears, A. M.Y. Nomura, D. W. West, L. N. Kolonel, M. C. Pike, R. N. Hoover, and R. G. Ziegler Childhood Soy Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Asian American Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2009; 18(4): 1050 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Su and R. C.M. Simmen Soy isoflavone genistein upregulates epithelial adhesion molecule E-cadherin expression and attenuates {beta}-catenin signaling in mammary epithelial cells Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2009; 30(2): 331 - 339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Mahoney, T. Bevers, E. Linos, and W. C. Willett Opportunities and Strategies for Breast Cancer Prevention Through Risk Reduction CA Cancer J Clin, November 3, 2008; (2008) CA.2008.0016v1. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. G. Ziegler, W. F. Anderson, and M. H. Gail Increasing Breast Cancer Incidence in China: The Numbers Add Up J Natl Cancer Inst, October 1, 2008; 100(19): 1339 - 1341. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. A. McCormack, N. Perry, S. J. Vinnicombe, and I. d. S. Silva Ethnic Variations in Mammographic Density: A British Multiethnic Longitudinal Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2008; 168(4): 412 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Fuhrman, B. E. Teter, M. Barba, C. Byrne, A. Cavalleri, B. J. Grant, P. J. Horvath, D. Morelli, E. Venturelli, and P. C. Muti Equol Status Modifies the Association of Soy Intake and Mammographic Density in a Sample of Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 33 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Troisi, P. Lagiou, D. Trichopoulos, B. Xu, L. Chie, F. Z. Stanczyk, N. Potischman, H.-O. Adami, R. N. Hoover, and C.-C. Hsieh Cord Serum Estrogens, Androgens, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in Chinese and U.S. Caucasian Neonates Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 224 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Troisi, N. Potischman, and R. N. Hoover Exploring the Underlying Hormonal Mechanisms of Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Review and Commentary Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1700 - 1712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Duffy, K. Perez, and A. Partridge Implications of Phytoestrogen Intake for Breast Cancer CA Cancer J Clin, September 1, 2007; 57(5): 260 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Matsuno, W. F. Anderson, S. Yamamoto, H. Tsukuma, R. M. Pfeiffer, K. Kobayashi, S. S. Devesa, and P. H. Levine Early- and Late-Onset Breast Cancer Types Among Women in the United States and Japan Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2007; 16(7): 1437 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mai, G. L. Blackburn, and J.-R. Zhou Soy phytochemicals synergistically enhance the preventive effect of tamoxifen on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma in mice Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2007; 28(6): 1217 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Touillaud, A. C. M. Thiebaut, A. Fournier, M. Niravong, M.-C. Boutron-Ruault, and F. Clavel-Chapelon Dietary Lignan Intake and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk by Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status J Natl Cancer Inst, March 21, 2007; 99(6): 475 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Ambrosone, P. G. Shields, J. L. Freudenheim, and C.-C. Hong Re: Commonly Studied Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer: Results From the Breast Cancer Association Consortium J Natl Cancer Inst, March 21, 2007; 99(6): 487 - 487. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Baker Re: Commonly Studied Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer: Results From the Breast Cancer Association Consortium J Natl Cancer Inst, March 21, 2007; 99(6): 487 - 488. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Steiner, W. H.M. Peters, E. P. Gallagher, P. Magee, I. Rowland, and B. L. Pool-Zobel Genistein protects human mammary epithelial cells from benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal genotoxicity by modulating the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase system Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2007; 28(3): 738 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Verheus, C. H. van Gils, L. Keinan-Boker, P. B. Grace, S. A. Bingham, and P. H.M. Peeters Plasma Phytoestrogens and Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk J. Clin. Oncol., February 20, 2007; 25(6): 648 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M.J. Conklin, J. F. Bechberger, D. MacFabe, N. Guthrie, E. M. Kurowska, and C. C. Naus Genistein and quercetin increase connexin43 and suppress growth of breast cancer cells Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2007; 28(1): 93 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Arslan, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A. Lukanova, Y. Afanasyeva, J. Katz, M. Levitz, G. Del Priore, and P. Toniolo Effects of Parity on Pregnancy Hormonal Profiles Across Ethnic Groups with a Diverse Incidence of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2006; 15(11): 2123 - 2130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. W. Setiawan, C. A. Haiman, F. Z. Stanczyk, L. Le Marchand, and B. E. Henderson Racial/Ethnic differences in postmenopausal endogenous hormones: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2006; 15(10): 1849 - 1855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Lubin, A. Chetrit, B. Modan, and L. S. Freedman Dietary Intake Changes and Their Association with Ovarian Cancer Risk J. Nutr., September 1, 2006; 136(9): 2362 - 2367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Mantena, M. S. Baliga, and S. K. Katiyar Grape seed proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis of highly metastatic breast carcinoma cells Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2006; 27(8): 1682 - 1691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tseng, C. Byrne, K. A. Evers, W. T. London, and M. B. Daly Acculturation and breast density in foreign-born, u.s. Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2006; 15(7): 1301 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Barlow Chapter 5.4: Major public health problems -- cancer Scand J Public Health, June 1, 2006; 34(67_suppl): 78 - 86. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G Baker and J. Kaprio Common susceptibility genes for cancer: search for the end of the rainbow. BMJ, May 13, 2006; 332(7550): 1150 - 1152. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Trock, L. Hilakivi-Clarke, and R. Clarke Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst, April 5, 2006; 98(7): 459 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. John, A. I. Phipps, A. Davis, and J. Koo Migration History, Acculturation, and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2005; 14(12): 2905 - 2913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Kwok, R. Cant, and G. Sullivan Factors associated with mammographic decisions of Chinese-Australian women Health Educ. Res., December 1, 2005; 20(6): 739 - 747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W. Parodi Dairy Product Consumption and the Risk of Breast Cancer J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 24(suppl_6): 556S - 568S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Pinheiro, M. D. Holmes, M. N. Pollak, R. L. Barbieri, and S. E. Hankinson Racial Differences in Premenopausal Endogenous Hormones Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2005; 14(9): 2147 - 2153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Harris, E. Besselink, S. M. Henning, V. L. W. Go, and D. Heber Phytoestrogens Induce Differential Estrogen Receptor Alpha- or Beta-Mediated Responses in Transfected Breast Cancer Cells Experimental Biology and Medicine, September 1, 2005; 230(8): 558 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Olivo and L. Hilakivi-Clarke Opposing effects of prepubertal low- and high-fat n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diets on rat mammary tumorigenesis Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2005; 26(9): 1563 - 1572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Potischman, R. Troisi, R. Thadhani, R. N. Hoover, K. Dodd, W. W. Davis, P. M. Sluss, C.-C. Hsieh, and R. Ballard-Barbash Pregnancy Hormone Concentrations Across Ethnic Groups: Implications for Later Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1514 - 1520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D Althuis, J. M Dozier, W. F Anderson, S. S Devesa, and L. A Brinton Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973-1997 Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 34(2): 405 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Baliga, S. Meleth, and S. K. Katiyar Growth Inhibitory and Antimetastatic Effect of Green Tea Polyphenols on Metastasis-Specific Mouse Mammary Carcinoma 4T1 Cells In vitro and In vivo Systems Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2005; 11(5): 1918 - 1927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Shannon, R. Ray, C. Wu, Z. Nelson, D. L. Gao, W. Li, W. Hu, J. Lampe, N. Horner, J. Satia, et al. Food and Botanical Groupings and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Shanghai, China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 81 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Falk, T. R. Fears, X. Xu, R. N. Hoover, M. C. Pike, A. H. Wu, A. M.Y. Nomura, L. N. Kolonel, D. W. West, D. W. Sepkovic, et al. Urinary Estrogen Metabolites and Their Ratio among Asian American Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 221 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. Barnard Prevention of Cancer Through Lifestyle Changes Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., December 1, 2004; 1(3): 233 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Gomez, J. L. Kelsey, S. L. Glaser, M. M. Lee, and S. Sidney Immigration and Acculturation in Relation to Health and Health-Related Risk Factors Among Specific Asian Subgroups in a Health Maintenance Organization Am J Public Health, November 1, 2004; 94(11): 1977 - 1984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Prentice, W. C. Willett, P. Greenwald, D. Alberts, L. Bernstein, N. F. Boyd, T. Byers, S. K. Clinton, G. Fraser, L. Freedman, et al. Nutrition and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Prevention: Research Strategies and Recommendations J Natl Cancer Inst, September 1, 2004; 96(17): 1276 - 1287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Fosket Constructing "High-Risk Women": The Development and Standardization of a Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool Science Technology Human Values, July 1, 2004; 29(3): 291 - 313. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Chen, A. H. Wu, W. J. Gauderman, L. Bernstein, H. Ma, M. C. Pike, and G. Ursin Does Mammographic Density Reflect Ethnic Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates? Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2004; 159(2): 140 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. G. Foster, E. V. Younglai, O. Boutross-Tadross, C. L. Hughes, and M. G. Wade Mammary Gland Morphology in Sprague-Dawley Rats following Treatment with an Organochlorine Mixture in Utero and Neonatal Genistein Toxicol. Sci., January 1, 2004; 77(1): 91 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kavanaugh and J. E. Green The Use of Genetically Altered Mice for Breast Cancer Prevention Studies J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2404S - 2409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Jernstrom, T.L. Klug, D.W. Sepkovic, H.L. Bradlow, and S.A. Narod Predictors of the plasma ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16{alpha}-hydroxyestrone among pre-menopausal, nulliparous women from four ethnic groups Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2003; 24(5): 991 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lagiou, C.-C. Hsieh, D. Trichopoulos, B. Xu, J. Wuu, L. Mucci, R. Tamimi, H.-O. Adami, and S. Cnattingius Birthweight differences between USA and China and their relevance to breast cancer aetiology Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2003; 32(2): 193 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Okasha Commentary: Inter-ethnic studies of breast cancer risk Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2003; 32(2): 198 - 199. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. Hardman Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Augment Cancer Therapy J. Nutr., November 1, 2002; 132(11): 3508S - 3512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Wu, F. Z. Stanczyk, A. Seow, H.-P. Lee, and M. C. Yu Soy Intake and Other Lifestyle Determinants of Serum Estrogen Levels among Postmenopausal Chinese Women in Singapore Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 844 - 851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Davis, S. Bhana, A. J. Shorrocks, and F. L. Martin Oestrogens induce G1 arrest in benzo[a]pyrene-treated MCF-7 breast cells whilst enhancing genotoxicity and clonogenic survival Mutagenesis, September 1, 2002; 17(5): 431 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Yared, T. J. McMillan, and F. L. Martin Genotoxic effects of oestrogens in breast cells detected by the micronucleus assay and the Comet assay Mutagenesis, July 1, 2002; 17(4): 345 - 352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Grover and F. L. Martin The initiation of breast and prostate cancer Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2002; 23(7): 1095 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. P. Tanjasiri, M. Kagawa-Singer, T.-U. Nguyen, and M. A. Foo Collaborative Research as an Essential Component for Addressing Cancer Disparities among Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander Women Health Promot Pract, April 1, 2002; 3(2): 144 - 154. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Nicholls, B. L. Lasley, S. T. Nakajima, K. D. R. Setchell, and B. O. Schneeman Effects of Soy Consumption on Gonadotropin Secretion and Acute Pituitary Responses to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Women J. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 132(4): 708 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Lamartiniere, M. S. Cotroneo, W. A. Fritz, J. Wang, R. Mentor-Marcel, and A. Elgavish Genistein Chemoprevention: Timing and Mechanisms of Action in Murine Mammary and Prostate J. Nutr., March 1, 2002; 132(3): 552S - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Maskarinec, A. E. Williams, J. S. Inouye, F. Z. Stanczyk, and A. A. Franke A Randomized Isoflavone Intervention among Premenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2002; 11(2): 195 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Lamartiniere, J. Wang, M. Smith-Johnson, and I.-E. Eltoum Daidzein: Bioavailability, Potential for Reproductive Toxicity, and Breast Cancer Chemoprevention in Female Rats Toxicol. Sci., February 1, 2002; 65(2): 228 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Sakoda and P. L. Horn-Ross Reproductive and Menstrual History and Papillary Thyroid Cancer Risk: The San Francisco Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2002; 11(1): 51 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Maskarinec, L. Meng, and G. Ursin Ethnic differences in mammographic densities Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 30(5): 959 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. L. Martin, K. J. Cole, G. Weaver, G. S. Hong, B. C. Lam, P. Balaram, P. L. Grover, and D. H. Phillips Genotoxicity of human breast milk from different countries Mutagenesis, September 1, 2001; 16(5): 401 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Persson, L. Barlow, A. Karlsson, M. Rosen, C.-G. Stefansson, T. Theorell, P. Tull, and A. Aberg Chapter 3. Major Health Problems Scand J Public Health, September 1, 2001; 29(58_suppl): 37 - 102. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. L. Martin Genotoxins and the initiation of sporadic breast cancer Mutagenesis, March 1, 2001; 16(2): 155 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Greenwald Clinical Trials of Breast and Prostate Cancer Prevention J. Nutr., January 1, 2001; 131(1): 176S - 178. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Stumpf, P. Pietinen, P. Puska, and H. Adlercreutz Changes in Serum Enterolactone, Genistein, and Daidzein in a Dietary Intervention Study in Finland Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1369 - 1372. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.-J. W. Lu, K. E. Anderson, J. J. Grady, F. Kohen, and M. Nagamani Decreased Ovarian Hormones during a Soya Diet: Implications for Breast Cancer Prevention Cancer Res., August 1, 2000; 60(15): 4112 - 4121. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. N. Hoover Cancer -- Nature, Nurture, or Both N. Engl. J. Med., July 13, 2000; 343(2): 135 - 136. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Lallas, S. K. McClain, M. S. Shahin, and R. E. Buller The Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genotype in Ovarian Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2000; 9(6): 587 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Coughlin and R. J. Uhler Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Practices among Asian and Pacific Islander Women in the United States, 1994-1997 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2000; 9(6): 597 - 603. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A Lamartiniere Protection against breast cancer with genistein: a component of soy Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2000; 71(6): 1705S - 1707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Velie, M. Kulldorff, C. Schairer, G. Block, D. Albanes, and A. Schatzkin Dietary Fat, Fat Subtypes, and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: a Prospective Cohort Study J Natl Cancer Inst, May 17, 2000; 92(10): 833 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wroblewski Lissin and J. P. Cooke Phytoestrogens and cardiovascular health J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1403 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. L.Martin, K. J.Cole, D. Harvey, G. Weaver, J.A. Williams, B. C.Millar, D. H.Phillips, and P. L.Grover DNA damage in human breast milk cells and its induction by ‘early’ and ‘late’ milk extracts Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2000; 21(4): 799 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-J. W. Lu, M. Cree, S. Josyula, M. Nagamani, J. J. Grady, and K. E. Anderson Increased Urinary Excretion of 2-Hydroxyestrone but not 16{{alpha}}-Hydroxyestrone in Premenopausal Women during a Soya Diet Containing Isoflavones Cancer Res., March 1, 2000; 60(5): 1299 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Maskarinec, C. L. Y. Chan, L. Meng, A. A. Franke, and R. V. Cooney Exploring the Feasibility and Effects of a High-Fruit and -Vegetable Diet in Healthy Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 1999; 8(10): 919 - 924. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Greenwald Role of Dietary Fat in the Causation of Breast Cancer: Point Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 1999; 8(1): 3 - 7. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Tham, C. D. Gardner, and W. L. Haskell Potential Health Benefits of Dietary Phytoestrogens: A Review of the Clinical, Epidemiological, and Mechanistic Evidence J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1998; 83(7): 2223 - 2235. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. P. Perera Environment and Cancer: Who Are Susceptible? Science, November 7, 1997; 278(5340): 1068 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Ziegler Anthropometry and Breast Cancer J. Nutr., May 1, 1997; 127 (5): 924S - 924S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Hoeman, Y. L. Ku, and D. R. Ohl Health Beliefs and Early Detection among Chinese Women West J Nurs Res, October 1, 1996; 18(5): 518 - 533. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|