© 1993 by Oxford University Press
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 85, No. 14, 1159-1164,
July 21, 1993
© 1993 Oxford University Press
Genetic Risk and Carcinogen Exposure: a Common Inherited Defect of the Carcinogen-Metabolism Gene Glutathione S-Transferase M1 (GSTM1) That Increases Susceptibility to Bladder Cancer
Laboratory of Biochemical Risk Analysis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park, N.C.
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Research Triangle Park, N.C.
Duke University Medical Center Durham, N.C.
University of North Carolina Hospitals Chapel Hill
Correspondence to: Jack A. Taylor, M.D., Epidemiology Branch MD A3-02, NIEHS, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Background: Numerous studies have associated bladder cancer with exposure to carcinogens present in tobacco smoke and other environmental or occupational exposures. Approximately 50% of all humans inherit two deleted copies of the GSTM1 gene which encodes for the carcinogendetoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase M1. Recent findings suggest that the GSTM1 gene may modulate the internal dose of environmental carcinogens and thereby affect the risk of developing bladder cancer. Purpose: We investigated whether the absence of the GSTM1 gene affects bladder cancer risk and whether there are racial differences in GSTM1 genotype frequency. Methods: Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method, we examined the frequency of the homozygous deleted genotype (GSTM1 0/0) in 229 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and 211 control subjects who were enrolled from the Urology Clinics at Duke University Medical Center and the University of North Carolina Hospitals. Control subjects were urology clinic patients who primarily presented with benign prostatic hypertrophy or impotence, who had no history of any cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer, and who were frequency matched to case patients on race, sex, and age (10-year age intervals). In order to explore racial differences in GSTM1 gene frequency, genotype was also determined in a community-based sample of 466 paid, healthy, unrelated volunteers from Durham and Chapel Hill, N.C. The presence or absence of the GSTM1 gene locus was determined by using a differential PCR, a semiquantitative technique in which multiple genes are coamplified. Results: Overall, the GSTM1 0/0 genotype conferred a 70% increased risk of bladder cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.5; P = .004). Absence of the GSTM1 gene encoding the glutathione S-transferase M1enzyme significantly increased risk to persons with exposure to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2–3.0; P = .01) but poses little increased risk to persons without such exposure. Persons with smoking exposure of more than 50 pack-years who had the GSTM1 0/0 genotype had a sixfold greater risk relative to persons in the lowest risk group (i.e., nonsmokers who were GSTM1 +/+ or +/0). In the pooled clinic control and community sample groups (677 individuals), the GSTM1 0/0 genotype occurred less frequently among Blacks (35%) than among Whites (49%, P<.001). Conclusions: These findings support a protective role for the GSTM1 gene in bladder cancer. From these findings, it is estimated that 25% of all bladder cancer may be attributable to the at-risk GSTM1 0/0 genotype. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 1159–1164, 1993]
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. da Silva, C. R. Moraes, V. D. Heuser, V. M. Andrade, F. R. Silva, K. Kvitko, V. Emmel, P. Rohr, D. L. Bordin, A. C. Andreazza, et al. Evaluation of genetic damage in a Brazilian population occupationally exposed to pesticides and its correlation with polymorphisms in metabolizing genes Mutagenesis, September 1, 2008; 23(5): 415 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-M. Yuan, K. K. Chan, G. A. Coetzee, J.E. Castelao, M. A. Watson, D. A. Bell, R. Wang, and M. C. Yu Genetic determinants in the metabolism of bladder carcinogens in relation to risk of bladder cancer Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2008; 29(7): 1386 - 1393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.E. Steck, M.M. Gaudet, J.A. Britton, S.L. Teitelbaum, M.B. Terry, A.I. Neugut, R.M. Santella, and M.D. Gammon Interactions among GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, cruciferous vegetable intake and breast cancer risk Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2007; 28(9): 1954 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. S. Dhillon, M. Shahid, and S. A. Husain Associations of MTHFR DNMT3b 4977 bp deletion in mtDNA and GSTM1 deletion, and aberrant CpG island hypermethylation of GSTM1 in non-obstructive infertility in Indian men Mol. Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2007; 13(4): 213 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Steiner, W. H.M. Peters, E. P. Gallagher, P. Magee, I. Rowland, and B. L. Pool-Zobel Genistein protects human mammary epithelial cells from benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal genotoxicity by modulating the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase system Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2007; 28(3): 738 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Romieu, M. Ramirez-Aguilar, J. J. Sienra-Monge, H. Moreno-Macias, B. E. del Rio-Navarro, G. David, J. Marzec, M. Hernandez-Avila, and S. London GSTM1 and GSTP1 and respiratory health in asthmatic children exposed to ozone Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2006; 28(5): 953 - 959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Patel Lung Cancer in Women J. Clin. Oncol., May 10, 2005; 23(14): 3212 - 3218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Tomso, A. Inga, D. Menendez, G. S. Pittman, M. R. Campbell, F. Storici, D. A. Bell, and M. A. Resnick Functionally distinct polymorphic sequences in the human genome that are targets for p53 transactivation PNAS, May 3, 2005; 102(18): 6431 - 6436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. D. Terry, D. M. Umbach, and J. A. Taylor No Association Between SOD2 or NQO1 Genotypes and Risk of Bladder Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 753 - 754. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Mooney, A. M. Madsen, D. Tang, M. A. Orjuela, W.-Y. Tsai, E. R. Garduno, and F. P. Perera Antioxidant Vitamin Supplementation Reduces Benzo(a)pyrene-DNA Adducts and Potential Cancer Risk in Female Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 237 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Liu, M. R. Campbell, G. S. Pittman, E. C. Faulkner, M. A. Watson, and D. A. Bell Expression-Based Discovery of Variation in the Human Glutathione S-Transferase M3 Promoter and Functional Analysis in a Glioma Cell Line Using Allele-Specific Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Cancer Res., January 1, 2005; 65(1): 99 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-L. Cheng, C-J. Yu, C-J. Chen, and P-C. Yang Genetic polymorphism of epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase in COPD Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2004; 23(6): 818 - 824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Patel, P. B. Bach, and M. G. Kris Lung Cancer in US Women: A Contemporary Epidemic JAMA, April 14, 2004; 291(14): 1763 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Morizane, S. Yoshida, S. Nakago, S. Hamana, T. Maruo, and S. Kennedy No Association of Endometriosis With Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and T1 Null Mutations in a Japanese Population Reproductive Sciences, February 1, 2004; 11(2): 118 - 121. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I Romieu, J J Sienra-Monge, M Ramirez-Aguilar, H Moreno-Macias, N I Reyes-Ruiz, B Estela del Rio-Navarro, M Hernandez-Avila, and S J London Genetic polymorphism of GSTM1 and antioxidant supplementation influence lung function in relation to ozone exposure in asthmatic children in Mexico City Thorax, January 1, 2004; 59(1): 8 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. L. David, I. Romieu, J. J. Sienra-Monge, W. J. Collins, M. Ramirez-Aguilar, B. E. del Rio-Navarro, N. I. Reyes-Ruiz, R. W. Morris, J. M. Marzec, and S. J. London Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Phosphate) Reduced:Quinone Oxidoreductase and Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Polymorphisms and Childhood Asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 15, 2003; 168(10): 1199 - 1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Schroeder, K. Conway, Y. Li, K. Mistry, D. A. Bell, and J. A. Taylor p53 Mutations in Bladder Cancer: Evidence for Exogenous versus Endogenous Risk Factors Cancer Res., November 1, 2003; 63(21): 7530 - 7538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-W. Yu, S.-Y. Yang, I-J. Pan, C.-L. Lin, C.-J. Liu, Y.-F. Liaw, S.-M. Lin, P.-J. Chen, S.-D. Lee, and C.-J. Chen Polymorphisms in XRCC1 and Glutathione S-Transferase Genes and Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma J Natl Cancer Inst, October 1, 2003; 95(19): 1485 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. N. Ebert, A. Klinder, W. H.M. Peters, A. Schaferhenrich, W. Sendt, J. Scheele, and B. L. Pool-Zobel Expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in human colon cells and inducibility of GSTM2 by butyrate Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2003; 24(10): 1637 - 1644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. K. Cortessis, K. Siegmund, S. Xue, R. K. Ross, and M. C. Yu A case-control study of cyclin D1 CCND1 870A->G polymorphism and bladder cancer Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2003; 24(10): 1645 - 1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rundle, D. Tang, L. Mooney, S. Grumet, and F. Perera The Interaction between Alcohol Consumption and GSTM1 Genotype on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DNA Adduct Levels in Breast Tissue Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2003; 12(9): 911 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K-H Chen, W-M Hsu, C-C Cheng, and Y-S Li Lack of human papillomavirus in pterygium of Chinese patients from Taiwan Br. J. Ophthalmol., August 1, 2003; 87(8): 1046 - 1048. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Faraglia, S. Y. Chen, M. D. Gammon, Y. Zhang, S. L. Teitelbaum, A. I. Neugut, H. Ahsan, G. C. Garbowski, H. Hibshoosh, D. Lin, et al. Evaluation of 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adducts in human breast cancer: the influence of tobacco smoke Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2003; 24(4): 719 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Palli, G. Masala, P. Vineis, S. Garte, C. Saieva, V. Krogh, S. Panico, R. Tumino, A. Munnia, E. Riboli, et al. Biomarkers of dietary intake of micronutrients modulate DNA adduct levels in healthy adults Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2003; 24(4): 739 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gago-Dominguez, D. A. Bell, M. A. Watson, J.-M. Yuan, J.E. Castelao, D. W. Hein, K. K. Chan, G. A. Coetzee, R. K. Ross, and M. C. Yu Permanent hair dyes and bladder cancer: risk modification by cytochrome P4501A2 and N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2003; 24(3): 483 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Shields Tobacco Smoking, Harm Reduction, and Biomarkers J Natl Cancer Inst, October 2, 2002; 94(19): 1435 - 1444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. P. Perera, L. A. Mooney, M. Stampfer, D. H. Phillips, D. A. Bell, A. Rundle, S. Cho, W.-Y. Tsai, J. Ma, A. Blackwood, et al. Associations between carcinogen-DNA damage, glutathione S-transferase genotypes, and risk of lung cancer in the prospective Physicians' Health Cohort Study Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2002; 23(10): 1641 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ariyoshi, M. Miyamoto, Y. Umetsu, H. Kunitoh, H. Dosaka-Akita, Y.-i. Sawamura, J. Yokota, N. Nemoto, K. Sato, and T. Kamataki Genetic Polymorphism of CYP2A6 Gene and Tobacco-induced Lung Cancer Risk in Male Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 890 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Li, F. L. Walcott, P. Chang, W. Zhang, J. Zhu, E. Petrulis, S. E. Singletary, A. A. Sahin, and M. L. Bondy Genetic and Environmental Determinants on Tissue Response to in Vitro Carcinogen Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Res., August 15, 2002; 62(16): 4566 - 4570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. Engel, E. Taioli, R. Pfeiffer, M. Garcia-Closas, P. M. Marcus, Q. Lan, P. Boffetta, P. Vineis, H. Autrup, D. A. Bell, et al. Pooled Analysis and Meta-analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and Bladder Cancer: A HuGE Review Am. J. Epidemiol., July 15, 2002; 156(2): 95 - 109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ahmadi, P. Jonsson, U. Flodin, and P. Soderkvist Interaction between smoking and glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy Toxicology and Industrial Health, July 1, 2002; 18(6): 289 - 296. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-S. Chen, L. S. Chang, H.-W. Chen, and Y.-H. Wei Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and male infertility in Taiwanese patients with varicocele Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2002; 17(3): 718 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. F. Firozi, M. L. Bondy, A. A. Sahin, P. Chang, F. Lukmanji, E. S. Singletary, M. M. Hassan, and D. Li Aromatic DNA adducts and polymorphisms of CYP1A1, NAT2, and GSTM1 in breast cancer Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2002; 23(2): 301 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Lee, S. H. Kim, H. Y. Woo, Y. J. Hong, and H. C. Cho Increased frequencies of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) gene deletions in Korean patients with acquired aplastic anemia Blood, December 1, 2001; 98(12): 3483 - 3485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. J. Smith, P. A. Harper, J. M. Y. Wong, M. S. M. Lam, K. R. Reid, D. Petsikas, and T. E. Massey Human Lung Microsomal Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) Activities: Impact of Smoking Status and CYP1A1, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, and Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genetic Polymorphisms Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2001; 10(8): 839 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-A. Sun, L.-Y. Wang, C.-J. Chen, S.-N. Lu, S.-L. You, L.-W. Wang, Q. Wang, D.-M. Wu, and R. M. Santella Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 associated with susceptibility to aflatoxin-related hepatocarcinogenesis among chronic hepatitis B carriers: a nested case-control study in Taiwan Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2001; 22(8): 1289 - 1294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Tiemersma, R. E. Omer, A. Bunschoten, P. van't Veer, F. J. Kok, M. O. Idris, A. M. Y. Kadaru, S. S. Fedail, and E. Kampman Role of Genetic Polymorphism of Glutathione-S-Transferase T1 and Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase in Aflatoxin-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2001; 10(7): 785 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-C. Hong, H. Kim, M.-W. Im, K.-H. Lee, B.-H. Woo, and D. C. Christiani Maternal Genetic Effects on Neonatal Susceptibility to Oxidative Damage From Environmental Tobacco Smoke J Natl Cancer Inst, April 18, 2001; 93(8): 645 - 647. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. IZZOTTI, C. CARTIGLIA, J. LEWTAS, and S. DE FLORA Increased DNA alterations in atherosclerotic lesions of individuals lacking the GSTM1 genotype FASEB J, March 1, 2001; 15(3): 752 - 757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Stern, D. M. Umbach, C. H. van Gils, R. M. Lunn, and J. A. Taylor DNA Repair Gene XRCC1 Polymorphisms, Smoking, and Bladder Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2001; 10(2): 125 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Jacobson, M. D. Begg, L. W. Wang, Q. Wang, M. Agarwal, E. Norkus, V. N. Singh, T.-L. Young, D. Yang, and R. M. Santella Effects of a 6-Month Vitamin Intervention on DNA Damage in Heavy Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1303 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. N. Kelada, S. L. R. Kardia, A. H. Walker, A. J. Wein, S. B. Malkowicz, and T. R. Rebbeck The Glutathione S-Transferase-{micro} and -{{theta}} Genotypes in the Etiology of Prostate Cancer: Genotype-Environment Interactions with Smoking Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1329 - 1334. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Ford, Y. Li, M. M. O'Sullivan, R. Demopoulos, S. Garte, E. Taioli, and P. W. Brandt-Rauf Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism and lung cancer risk in African-Americans Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2000; 21(11): 1971 - 1975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rundle, D. Tang, J. Zhou, S. Cho, and F. Perera The Association between Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genotype and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DNA Adducts in Breast Tissue Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2000; 9(10): 1079 - 1085. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Naoe, K. Takeyama, T. Yokozawa, H. Kiyoi, M. Seto, N. Uike, T. Ino, A. Utsunomiya, A. Maruta, I. Jin-nai, et al. Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism in NQO1, GST-M1, GST-T1, and CYP3A4 in 469 Japanese Patients with Therapy-related Leukemia/Myelodysplastic Syndrome and de novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2000; 6(10): 4091 - 4095. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.E. Johns and R.S. Houlston Glutathione S-transferase {micro}1 (GSTM1) status and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis Mutagenesis, September 1, 2000; 15(5): 399 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Lampe, C. Chen, S. Li, J. Prunty, M. T. Grate, D. E. Meehan, K. V. Barale, D. A. Dightman, Z. Feng, and J. D. Potter Modulation of Human Glutathione S-Transferases by Botanically Defined Vegetable Diets Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2000; 9(8): 787 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Malats, A.-M. Camus-Radon, F. Nyberg, W. Ahrens, V. Constantinescu, A. Mukeria, S. Benhamou, H. Batura-Gabryel, I. Bruske-Hohlfeld, L. Simonato, et al. Lung Cancer Risk in Nonsmokers and GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genetic Polymorphism Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2000; 9(8): 827 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. Fennell, J. P. MacNeela, R. W. Morris, M. Watson, C. L. Thompson, and D. A. Bell Hemoglobin Adducts from Acrylonitrile and Ethylene Oxide in Cigarette Smokers: Effects of Glutathione S-Transferase T1-Null and M1-Null Genotypes Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2000; 9(7): 705 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Tan, N. Song, G.-Q. Wang, Q. Liu, H.-J. Tang, F. F. Kadlubar, and D.-X. Lin Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms in Cytochrome P450 2E1 and Glutathione S-Transferases M1, T1, and P1 on Susceptibility to Esophageal Cancer among High-Risk Individuals in China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2000; 9(6): 551 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Davies, L. L. Robison, J. D. Buckley, G. A. Radloff, J. A. Ross, and J. P. Perentesis Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms in Children with Myeloid Leukemia: A Children's Cancer Group Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2000; 9(6): 563 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Lan, X. He, D. J. Costa, L. Tian, N. Rothman, G. Hu, and J. L. Mumford Indoor Coal Combustion Emissions, GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genotypes, and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Xuan Wei, China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2000; 9(6): 605 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Lampe, I. B. King, S. Li, M. T. Grate, K. V. Barale, C. Chen, Z. Feng, and J. D. Potter Brassica vegetables increase and apiaceous vegetables decrease cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in humans: changes in caffeine metabolite ratios in response to controlled vegetable diets Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2000; 21(6): 1157 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Crump, C. Chen, F. R. Appelbaum, K. J. Kopecky, S. M. Schwartz, C. L. Willman, M. L. Slovak, and N. S. Weiss Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1 Gene Deletion and Risk of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2000; 9(5): 457 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sweeney, D. C. Farrow, S. M. Schwartz, D. L. Eaton, H. Checkoway, and T. L. Vaughan Glutathione S-Transferase M1, T1, and P1 Polymorphisms as Risk Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2000; 9(4): 449 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. P. Perera and I.B. Weinstein Molecular epidemiology: recent advances and future directions Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2000; 21(3): 517 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|